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Fernandes RA. Deciphering the quest in the divergent total synthesis of natural products. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12205-12230. [PMID: 37746673 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03564f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The divergent synthesis of natural products is rapidly developing towards achieving the goal of efficiency and economy in total synthesis. However, presently, the sustainable development of the synthesis of natural products does not permit the linear synthesis of a single target. In this case, divergent total synthesis is based on the identification of an advanced intermediate with structural features that can be mapped in more than two molecules. However, the identification of this intermediate and its scalable synthesis in enantiopure form are challenging. Herein, we present the details of the ingenious efforts by researchers in the last six years toward the divergent synthesis of two to as many as eight natural products initially via a single route, and then diverging from a common intermediate and further branching out toward several natural products. The planning and strategies adopted can serve as guidelines for the future development of efficient divergent routes aimed at achieving higher efficiency toward multiple targets, causing divergent synthesis to become an accepted common practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India.
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2
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Fernandes RA, Moharana S, Khatun GN. Recent advances in the syntheses of guaianolides. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6652-6670. [PMID: 37551715 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01019h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones, especially guaianolides representing a bigger class of natural products, have served as appealing candidates for total synthesis due to their varied bio- and pharmaceutical activities. This tutorial review delineates the creative efforts of many researchers in the total syntheses of different complex guaianolides recently published in the literature. Many of the syntheses display meticulous interplay between new methods and the ingenuity of strategies achieved through well-planned routes. In some cases, the Chiron approach has come in quite handy, wherein the structural features and stereochemistry of select molecules could map well with naturally available starting materials. A few catalytic methods like diastereoselective aldol reaction, enediyne or dienyne metathesis, or photochemical methods have been efficiently used. This compilation also aims to enhance the diversity space based on these natural products and further interest in the sustainable total synthesis of this class of compounds and related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Sanjita Moharana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Gulenur Nesha Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India.
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Large Scale Conversion of Trilobolide into the Payload of Mipsagargin: 8- O-(12-Aminododecanoyl)-8- O-Debutanoylthapsigargin. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121640. [PMID: 33291419 PMCID: PMC7762042 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the impressing cytotoxicity of thapsigargin (Tg), this compound cannot be used as a chemotherapeutic drug because of general toxicity, causing unacceptable side effects. Instead, a prodrug targeted towards tumors, mipsagargin, was brought into clinical trials. What substantially reduces the clinical potential is the limited access to Tg and its derivatives and cost-inefficient syntheses with unacceptably low yields. Laser trilobum, which contains a structurally related sesquiterpene lactone, trilobolide (Tb), is successfully cultivated. Here, we report scalable isolation of Tb from L. trilobum and a transformation of Tb to 8-O-(12-aminododecanoyl)-8-O-debutanoylthapsigargin in seven steps. The use of cultivated L. trilobum offers an unlimited source of the active principle in mipsagargin.
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Thapsigargins and induced chemical defence in Thapsia garganica. CHEMOECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-020-00315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Harmange Magnani CS, Thach DQ, Haelsig KT, Maimone TJ. Syntheses of Complex Terpenes from Simple Polyprenyl Precursors. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:949-961. [PMID: 32202757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
From structure elucidation and biogenesis to synthetic methodology and total synthesis, terpene natural products have profoundly influenced the development of organic chemistry. Moreover, their myriad functional attributes range from fragrance to pharmaceuticals and have had great societal impact. Ruzicka's formulation of the "biogenetic isoprene rule," a Nobel Prize winning discovery now over 80 years old, allowed for identification of higher order terpene (aka "isoprenoid") structures from simple five-carbon isoprene fragments. Notably, the isoprene rule still holds pedagogical value to students of organic chemistry today. Our laboratory has completed syntheses of over two dozen terpene and meroterpene structures to date, and the isoprene rule has served as a key pattern recognition tool for our synthetic planning purposes. At the strategic level, great opportunity exists in finding unique and synthetically simplifying ways to connect the formal C5 isoprene fragments embedded in terpenes. Biomimetic cationic polyene cyclizations represent the earliest incarnation of this idea, which has facilitated expedient routes to certain terpene polycycle classes. Nonetheless, a large swath of terpene chemical space remains inaccessible using this approach.In this Account, we describe strategic insight into our endeavors in terpene synthesis published over the last five years. We show how biosynthetic understanding, combined with a desire to utilize abundant and inexpensive [C5]n building blocks, has led to efficient, abiotic syntheses of multiple complex terpenes with disparate ring systems. Informed by nature, but unconstrained by its processes, our synthetic assembly exploits chemical reactivity across diverse reaction types-including radical, anionic, pericyclic, and metal-mediated transformations.First, we detail an eight-step synthesis of the cembrane diterpene chatancin from dihydrofarnesal using a bioinspired-but not -mimetic-cycloaddition. Next, we describe the assembly of the antimalarial cardamom peroxide using a polyoxygenation cascade to fuse multiple units of molecular oxygen onto a dimeric skeleton. This three-to-four-step synthesis arises from (-)-myrtenal, an inexpensive pinene oxidation product. We then show how a radical cyclization cascade can forge the hallmark cyclooctane ring system of the complex sesterterpene 6-epi-ophiobolin N from two simple polyprenyl precursors, (-)-linalool and farnesol. To access the related, more complex metabolite 6-epi-ophiobolin A, we exploited the plasticity of our synthetic route and found that use of geraniol (C10) rather than farnesol (C15) gave us the flexibility needed to address the additional oxidation found in this congener. Following this work, we describe two strategies to access several guaianolide sesquiterpenes. Retrosynthetic disconnection to monoterpenes, carvone or (-)-linalool, coupled with a powerful allylation strategy allowed us to address guaianolides with disparate stereochemical motifs. Finally, we examine a semisynthetic approach to the illicium sesquiterpenes from the abundant 15-carbon feedstock terpene (+)-cedrol using an abiotic ring shift and multiple C-H oxidation reactions inspired by a postulated biosynthesis of this natural product class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny Q. Thach
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karl T. Haelsig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas J. Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Hu X, Musacchio AJ, Shen X, Tao Y, Maimone TJ. Allylative Approaches to the Synthesis of Complex Guaianolide Sesquiterpenes from Apiaceae and Asteraceae. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14904-14915. [PMID: 31448610 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With hundreds of unique members isolated to date, guaianolide lactones represent a particularly prolific class of terpene natural products. Given their extensive documented therapeutic properties and fascinating chemical structures, these metabolites have captivated the synthetic chemistry community for many decades. As a result of divergent biosynthetic pathways, which produce a wide array of stereochemical and oxidative permutations, a unifying synthetic pathway to this broad family of natural products is challenging. Herein we document the evolution of a chiral-pool-based synthetic program aimed at accessing an assortment of guaianolides, particularly those from the plant family Apiaceae as well as Asteraceae, members of which possess distinct chemical substructures and necessitate deviating synthetic platforms. An initial route employing the linear monoterpene linalool generated a lower oxidation state guaianolide but was not compatible with the majority of family members. A double-allylation disconnection using a carvone-derived fragment was then developed to access first an Asteraceae-type guaianolide and then various Apiaceae congeners. Finally, using these findings in conjunction with a tandem polyoxygenation cascade, we developed a pathway to highly oxygenated nortrilobolide. A variety of interesting observations in metal-mediated aldehyde allylation and alkene polyoxygenation are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas J Maimone
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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Harmatha J, Buděšínský M, Jurášek M, Zimmermann T, Drašar P, Zídek Z, Kmoníčková E, Vejvodová L. Structural modification of trilobolide for upgrading its immunobiological properties and reducing its cytotoxic action. Fitoterapia 2019; 134:88-95. [PMID: 30731148 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Harmatha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Jurášek
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, CZ-1660 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Zimmermann
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, CZ-1660 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Drašar
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, CZ-1660 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Zídek
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kmoníčková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Vejvodová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic; Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, CZ-323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
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8
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López CQ, Corral P, Lorrain-Lorrette B, Martinez-Swatson K, Michoux F, Simonsen HT. Use of a temporary immersion bioreactor system for the sustainable production of thapsigargin in shoot cultures of Thapsia garganica. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:79. [PMID: 30202426 PMCID: PMC6128993 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thapsigargin and nortrilobolide are sesquiterpene lactones found in the Mediterranean plant Thapsia garganica L. Thapsigargin is a potent inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump, inducing apoptosis in mammalian cells. This mechanism has been used to develop a thapsigargin-based cancer drug first by GenSpera and later Inspyr Therapeutics (Westlake Village, California). However, a stable production of thapsigargin is not established. RESULTS In vitro regeneration from leaf explants, shoot multiplication and rooting of T. garganica was obtained along with the production of thapsigargins in temporary immersion bioreactors (TIBs). Thapsigargin production was enhanced using reduced nutrient supply in combination with methyl jasmonate elicitation treatments. Shoots grown in vitro were able to produce 0.34% and 2.1% dry weight of thapsigargin and nortrilobolide, respectively, while leaves and stems of wild T. garganica plants contain only between 0.1 and 0.5% of thapsigargin and below detectable levels of nortrilobolide. In addition, a real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) study was performed to study the regulatory role of the biosynthetic genes HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), epikunzeaol synthase (TgTPS2) and the cytochrome P450 (TgCYP76AE2) of stem, leaf and callus tissues. Nadi staining showed that the thapsigargins are located in secretory ducts within these tissues. CONCLUSIONS Shoot regeneration, rooting and biomass growth from leaf explants of T. garganica were achieved, together with a high yield in vitro production of thapsigargin in TIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Quiñonero López
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Henkin JM, Ren Y, Soejarto DD, Kinghorn AD. The Search for Anticancer Agents from Tropical Plants. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 107:1-94. [PMID: 30178270 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93506-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many of the clinically used anticancer agents in Western medicine are derived from secondary metabolites found in terrestrial microbes, marine organisms, and higher plants, with additional compounds of this type being currently in clinical trials. If plants are taken specifically, it is generally agreed that the prospects of encountering enhanced small organic-molecule chemical diversity are better if tropical rather than temperate species are investigated in drug discovery efforts. Plant collection in tropical source countries requires considerable preparation and organization to conduct in a responsible manner that abides by the provisions of the 1992 Rio Convention of Biological Diversity and the 2010 Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources. Correct taxonomic identifications and enhanced procedures for processing and documenting plant samples when collected in often difficult terrain are required. Phytochemical aspects of the work involve solvent fractionation, known compound dereplication, preliminary in vitro testing, and prioritization, leading to "activity-guided fractionation", compound structure determination, and analog development. Further evaluation of lead compounds requires solubility, formulation, preliminary pharmacokinetics, and in vivo testing in suitable models. Covering the work of the authors carried out in two sequential multidisciplinary, multi-institutional research projects, examples of very promising compounds discovered from plants acquired from Africa, Southeast Asia, the Americas, and the Caribbean region, and with potential anticancer activity will be mentioned. These include plant secondary metabolites of the diphyllin lignan, cyclopenta[b]benzofuran, triterpenoid, and tropane alkaloid types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Henkin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yulin Ren
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Djaja Djendoel Soejarto
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Douglas Kinghorn
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Burrows LC, Jesikiewicz LT, Lu G, Geib SJ, Liu P, Brummond KM. Computationally Guided Catalyst Design in the Type I Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Pauson-Khand Reaction of Allenyl Acetates. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15022-15032. [PMID: 29022341 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Rh(I)-catalyzed allenic Pauson-Khand reaction (APKR) is an efficient, redox-neutral method of synthesizing α-acyloxy cyclopentenones. An enantioselective APKR could provide access to chiral, nonracemic α-acyloxy and α-hydroxy cyclopentenones and their corresponding redox derivatives, such as thapsigargin, a cytotoxic natural product with potent antitumor activity. Rapid scrambling of axial chirality of allenyl acetates in the presence of Rh(I) catalysts enables the conversion of racemic allene to enantiopure cyclopentenone product in a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DyKAT). A combined experimental and computational approach was taken to develop an effective catalytic system to achieve the asymmetric transformation. The optimization of the denticity, and steric and electronic properties of the ancillary ligand (initially (S)-MonoPhos, 58:42 er), afforded a hemilabile bidentate (S)-MonoPhos-alkene-Rh(I) catalyst that provided α-acyloxy cyclopentenone product in up to 14:86 er. Enantioselectivity of the Rh(I)-(S)-MonoPhos-alkene catalyst was rationalized using ligand-substrate steric interactions and distortion energies in the computed transition states. This asymmetric APKR of allenyl acetates is a rare example of a Type I DyKAT reaction of an allene, the first example of DyKAT in a cyclocarbonylation reaction, and the first catalyst-controlled enantioselective APKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Burrows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Luke T Jesikiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Steven J Geib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kay M Brummond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Chen D, Evans PA. A Concise, Efficient and Scalable Total Synthesis of Thapsigargin and Nortrilobolide from (R)-(-)-Carvone. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6046-6049. [PMID: 28422492 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A concise, efficient and scalable synthesis of thapsigargin and nortrilobolide from commercially available (R)-(-)-carvone was developed. Our synthetic strategy is inspired by nature's carbon-carbon bond formation sequence, which facilitates the construction of a highly functionalized sesquiterpene lactone skeleton in five steps via an enantioselective ketone alkylation and a diastereoselective pinacol cyclization. We envision that this strategy will permit the construction of other members of the family, structural analogs and provide a practical synthetic route to these important bioactive agents. In addition, we anticipate that the prodrug Mipsagargin, which is currently in late-stage clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, will also be accessible via this strategy. Hence, the limited availability from natural sources, coupled with an estimated demand of one metric ton per annum for the prodrug, provides a compelling mandate to develop practical total syntheses of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - P Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Zhang B, Guo R, Hu Y, Dong X, Lin N, Dai X, Wu H, Ma S, Yang B. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of valepotriate derivatives as novel antitumor agents. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27478a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of valepotriate derivatives with novel skeleton were synthesized from commercial available genipin. Among them, 1e exhibited significant anti-proliferation activity against H1975 cells by inducing mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Ruiying Guo
- ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Yongzhou Hu
- ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Nengming Lin
- Translational Medicine Research Center
- Nanjing Medical University
- Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital
- Hangzhou First People's Hospital
- Hangzhou
| | - Xiaoyang Dai
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Honghai Wu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Shenglin Ma
- Translational Medicine Research Center
- Nanjing Medical University
- Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital
- Hangzhou First People's Hospital
- Hangzhou
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
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Harmatha J, Vokáč K, Buděšínský M, Zídek Z, Kmoníčková E. Immunobiological properties of sesquiterpene lactones obtained by chemically transformed structural modifications of trilobolide. Fitoterapia 2015; 107:90-99. [PMID: 26474674 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous research on immunostimulatory properties of trilobolide and its structurally related natural analogues isolated from Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh., encouraged us to investigate structurally related guaianolides belonging to a specific group of sesquiterpene lactones with characteristic glycol moiety attached to the lactone ring. Ever increasing attention has been paid to certain guaianolides such as thapsigargin and trilobolide for their promising anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-infectious and SERCA inhibitory activities. However, due to their alkylation capabilities, they might be cytotoxic. Search for compounds with preserved immunobiological properties and decreased cytotoxicity led us to transform some of their structural features, particularly those related to their side chain functionality. For this reason, we prepared a series of over 20 various deacylated, acyl modified, or relactonized derivatives of trilobolide. The immunobiological effects were screened in vitro using the rat peritoneal cells primed with lipopolysaccharide. Secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukins (IL) IL-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by ELISA, and nitric oxide (NO) production by Griess reagent. Relation between the molecular structure and immunobiological activity was investigated. Acetylation at 7-OH and 11-OH positions of the lactone ring, or acyl modification of the guaianolide functionalities (including relactonization) of trilobolide, led to inability to stimulate secretion of cytokines and production of NO. Interestingly, minor structural changes achieved by catalytic hydrogenation or hydrogenolysis retained the original immunoactivity of trilobolide. It can be concluded that several new chemically transformed sesquiterpene lactones resembling the immunobiological properties of trilobolide or thapsigargin were prepared and identified. The implication of the lactone vicinal diol (glycol) moiety, combined with other structure functionality, was confirmed as essential for immune properties of the trilobolide or thapsigargin type of guaianolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Harmatha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague 166 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Vokáč
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Zídek
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kmoníčková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague 142 20, Czech Republic; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen 326 00, Czech Republic
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