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Wang S, Wang P, Li SJ, Chen YH, Sun ZJ, Lei A. Electrochemical flow aziridination of unactivated alkenes. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad187. [PMID: 38059062 PMCID: PMC10697417 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aziridines derived from bioactive molecules may have unique pharmacological activities, making them useful in pharmacology (e.g. mitomycin C). Furthermore, the substitution of the epoxide moiety in epothilone B with aziridine, an analog of epoxides, yielded a pronounced enhancement in its anticancer efficacy. Thus, there is interest in developing novel synthetic technologies to produce aziridines from bioactive molecules. However, known methods usually require metal catalysts, stoichiometric oxidants and/or pre-functionalized amination reagents, causing difficulty in application. A practical approach without a metal catalyst and extra-oxidant for the aziridination of bioactive molecules is in demand, yet challenging. Herein, we report an electro-oxidative flow protocol that accomplishes an oxidant-free aziridination of natural products. This process is achieved by an oxidative sulfonamide/alkene cross-coupling, in which sulfonamide and alkene undergo simultaneous oxidation or alkene is oxidized preferentially. Further anticancer treatments in cell lines have demonstrated the pharmacological activities of these aziridines, supporting the potential of this method for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchun Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shu-Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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2
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Dequina HJ, Jones CL, Schomaker JM. Recent updates and future perspectives in aziridine synthesis and reactivity. Chem 2023; 9:1658-1701. [PMID: 37681216 PMCID: PMC10482075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review, selected recent advances in the preparation and reactivity of aziridines using modern synthetic approaches are highlighted, while comparing these new strategies with more classical approaches. This critical analysis is designed to help identify current gaps in the field and is showcasing new and exciting opportunities to move the chemistry of aziridines forward in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J. Dequina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Corey L. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Villegas C, González-Chavarría I, Burgos V, Iturra-Beiza H, Ulrich H, Paz C. Epothilones as Natural Compounds for Novel Anticancer Drugs Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076063. [PMID: 37047035 PMCID: PMC10093981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epothilone is a natural 16-membered macrolide cytotoxic compound produced by the metabolism of the cellulose-degrading myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum. This review summarizes results in the study of epothilones against cancer with preclinical results and clinical studies from 2010-2022. Epothilone have mechanisms of action similar to paclitaxel by inducing tubulin polymerization and apoptosis with low susceptibility to tumor resistance mechanisms. It is active against refractory tumors, being superior to paclitaxel in many respects. Since the discovery of epothilones, several derivatives have been synthesized, and most of them have failed in Phases II and III in clinical trials; however, ixabepilone and utidelone are currently used in clinical practice. There is robust evidence that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment improves using ixabepilone plus capecitabine or utidelone in combination with capecitabine. In recent years innovative synthetic strategies resulted in the synthesis of new epothilone derivatives with improved activity against refractory tumors with better activities when compared to ixabepilone or taxol. These compounds together with specific delivery mechanisms could be developed in anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Villegas
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Iván González-Chavarría
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Viviana Burgos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4800000, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Héctor Iturra-Beiza
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4800000, Chile
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cristian Paz
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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Epoxides: Developability as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Biochemical Probes. Bioorg Chem 2022; 125:105862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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K. P, Ashok D, Sarasija M, Dharavath R, Utkoor UK, Lakshmi VVS, Ganji SK, Sripadi P. Synthesis of spiro chromanone sandwiched 15,16,18 membered (Z)-dioxo cycloalkenes by ring closing metathesis and homodimers of 8-allyl-7-((6-bromoalkyl) oxy) spirochroman-4-ones by cross metathesis. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prathima K.
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - D. Ashok
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - M. Sarasija
- Department of Chemistry, Satavahana University, Karimnagar, India
| | | | | | - V. V. S. Lakshmi
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sai Krishna Ganji
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Prabhakar Sripadi
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
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Wang R. Anticancer activities, structure-activity relationship, and mechanism of action of 12-, 14-, and 16-membered macrolactones. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100025. [PMID: 34138486 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the major causes of death worldwide despite the encouraging breakthroughs in the discovery of novel chemotherapeutic agents in recent years. The development of new effective anticancer candidates still represents a challenging endeavor due to the severe anticancer demands and the emergence of drug-resistant, especially multidrug-resistant, cancers. Macrolactones could regulate multiple signaling pathways in cancer cells and demonstrated potential anticancer effects, including inhibition of proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenic activity. Accordingly, macrolactones possess excellent efficacy against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cells, and the rational design of macrolactones may provide valuable therapeutic interventions for cancers. The purpose of this review is as follows: (1) outline the recent advances made in the development of 12-, 14-, and 16-membered macrolactones with anticancer potential; (2) summarize the structure-activity relationship; and (3) discuss their anticancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Beemelmanns C, Roman D, Sauer M. Applications of the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Olefination in Modern Natural Product Synthesis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1493-6331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) reaction is one of the most reliable olefination reaction and can be broadly applied in organic chemistry and natural product synthesis with excellent selectivity. Within the last few years HWE reaction conditions have been optimized and new reagents developed to overcome challenges in the total syntheses of natural products. This review highlights the application of HWE olefinations in total syntheses of structurally different natural products covering 2015 to 2020. Applied HWE reagents and reactions conditions are highlighted to support future synthetic approaches and serve as guideline to find the best HWE conditions for the most complicated natural products.1 Introduction and Historical Background2 Applications of HWE2.1 Cyclization by HWE Reactions2.2.1 Formation of Medium- to Larger-Sized Rings2.2.2 Formation of Small- to Medium-Sized Rings2.3 Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Groups2.4 Synthesis of Substituted C=C Bonds2.5 Late-Stage Modifications by HWE Reactions2.6 HWE Reactions on Solid Supports2.7 Synthesis of Poly-Conjugated C=C Bonds2.8 HWE-Mediated Coupling of Larger Building Blocks2.9 Miscellaneous3 Summary and Outlook
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Matos AP, Sarria ALF, Volante AC, Bernardo AR, Cunha GOS, Fernandes JB, Vieira PC, da Silva MFDGF. Potential insecticidal activity of aminonaphthoquinone Mannich bases derived from lawsone and their copper (II) complex derivatives. Z NATURFORSCH C 2021; 76:111-115. [PMID: 33099518 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2020-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a polyphagous pest that causes important damage in different regions of America and mainly affects corn crops in both tropical and subtropical areas. Currently, control relies on both transgenic plants and/or chemical pesticides. In this work, we describe insecticidal activity against the fall armyworm from a series of Mannich bases (1-10), derived from 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (lawsone), substituted benzaldehydes, and two primary amines, and their Cu2+ complexes (11-20). The [Cu(L)2] complexes were more effective in larval mortality compared to the free Mannich bases. Among the tested compounds, complex 11 showed the highest toxicity, with 70.00% larval mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia P Matos
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Laboratory, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - André L F Sarria
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Laboratory, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Volante
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Laboratory, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio R Bernardo
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Laboratory, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gracielle O S Cunha
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Goias, Campus Anapolis, Avenida Pedro Ludovico, 75131-457, Anapolis, GO, Brazil
| | - João B Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Laboratory, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Vieira
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Laboratory, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Fátima das G F da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Laboratory, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Adekenova KS, Wyatt PB, Adekenov SM. The preparation and properties of 1,1-difluorocyclopropane derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:245-272. [PMID: 33564335 PMCID: PMC7849233 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the functionalization of organic molecules with fluorine substituents has grown rapidly due to its applications in such fields as medicine, agriculture or materials sciences. The aim of this article is to review the importance of 1,1-difluorocyclopropane derivatives in synthesis. It will examine the role of the fluorine substituents in both ring-forming and ring-opening reactions, as well as methods for obtaining difluorocyclopropanes as single enantiomers. Several examples are provided to highlight the biological importance of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kymbat S Adekenova
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Peter B Wyatt
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Sergazy M Adekenov
- JSC "International Research and Production Holding "Phytochemistry", Karaganda city, 100009, Republic of Kazakhstan
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Minakata S, Kiyokawa K, Nakamura S. Transition-Metal-Free Aziridination of Alkenes with Sulfamate Esters Using tert-Butyl Hypoiodite. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-s(k)20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Trost BM, Zhu C. Zn-ProPhenol Catalyzed Enantioselective Mannich Reaction of 2 H-Azirines with Alkynyl Ketones. Org Lett 2020; 22:9683-9687. [PMID: 33269592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective Mannich reaction of 2H-azirines with alkynyl ketones is achieved under Zn-ProPhenol catalysis, delivering various aziridines with vicinal tetrasubstituted stereocenters in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. The bimetallic Zn-ProPhenol complexes activate both the nucleophile and the electrophile in the same chiral pocket. A unique intramolecular hydrogen bond is observed in the obtained Mannich adducts, which lowers the basicity of the product's aziridine nitrogen thus favoring enantioselective control and allowing catalyst turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Chuanle Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
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Epoxide containing molecules: A good or a bad drug design approach. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112327. [PMID: 32526552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional group modification is one of the main strategies used in drug discovery and development. Despite the controversy of being identified for many years as a biologically hazardous functional group, the introduction of an epoxide function in a structural backbone is still one of the possible modifications being implemented in drug design. In this manner, it is our intention to prove with this work that epoxides can have significant interest in medicinal chemistry, not only as anticancer agents, but also as important drugs for other pathologies. Thus, this revision paper aims to highlight the biological activity and the proposed mechanisms of action of several epoxide-containing molecules either in preclinical studies or in clinical development or even in clinical use. An overview of the chemistry of epoxides is also reported. Some of the conclusions are that effectively most of the epoxide-containing molecules referred in this work were being studied or are in the market as anticancer drugs. However, some of them in preclinical studies, were also associated with other different activities such as anti-malarial, anti-arthritic, insecticidal, antithrombotic, and selective inhibitory activity of FXIII-A (a transglutaminase). As for the epoxide-containing molecules in clinical trials, some of them are being tested for obesity and schizophrenia. Finally, drugs containing epoxide groups already in the market are mostly used for the treatment of different types of cancer, such as breast cancer and multiple myeloma. Other diseases for which the referred drugs are being used include heart failure, infections and gastrointestinal disturbs. In summary, epoxides can be a suitable option in drug design, particularly in the design of anticancer agents, and deserve to be better explored. However, and despite the promising results, it is imperative to explore the mechanisms of action of these compounds in order to have a better picture of their efficiency and safety.
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