Organocatalytic Diastereoselective Synthesis of Diazoaryl-benzo[b]azepine Derivatives

Green Synthesis and Biological Aspect of Seven-Membered Azepine Hybrids: A Recent Update"

Seven-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles, particularly azepine-based compounds, represent an intriguing class of molecules with vast arrays of applications. These compounds have garnered considerable attention in synthetic and medicinal chemistry due to their non-planar, non-aromatic features, which offer structural flexibility and diversity to design new drugs with improved pharmacological properties. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthesis of azepine derivatives, including eco-friendly methodologies that align with the principles of green chemistry, which emphasize atom economy, sustainability, and waste reduction. Besides, the present article highlights diverse biological activities, viz. anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects of azepine derivatives. Additionally, the review discusses key aspects such as molecular docking studies, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and mode of action evident through preclinical and clinical trials. The information presented in the current review article would assist researchers in designing and developing novel azepine-based leads for varied therapeutic applications.

Seven-membered N-heterocycles as approved drugs and promising leads in medicinal chemistry as well as the metal-free domino access to their scaffolds

Azepanes or azepines are structural motifs of many drugs, drug candidates and evaluated lead compounds. Even though compounds having N-heterocyclic 7-membered rings are often found in nature (e.g. alkaloids), the natural compounds of this group are rather rare as approved therapeutics. Thus, recently studied and approved azepane or azepine-congeners predominantly consist of semi-synthetically or synthetically-obtained scaffolds. In this review a comparison of approved drugs and recently investigated leads was proposed taking into regard their structural aspects (stereochemistry), biological activities, pharmacokinetic properties and confirmed molecular targets. The 7-membered N-heterocycles reveal a wide range of biological activities, not only against CNS diseases, but also as e.g. antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, antiparasitic and against allergy agents. As most of the approved or investigated potential drugs or lead structures, belonging to 7-membered N-heterocycles, are synthetic scaffolds, this report also reveals different and efficient metal-free cascade approaches useful to synthesize both simple azepane or azepine-containing congeners and those of oligocyclic structures. Stereochemistry of azepane/azepine fused systems, in view of biological data and binding with the targets, is discussed. Apart from the approved drugs, we compare advances in SAR studies of 7-membered N-heterocycles (mainly from 2018 to 2023), whereas the related synthetic part concerning various domino strategies is focused on the last ten years.

Hydrazone Activation in the Aminocatalytic Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Tetrahydroindolizines

In this Letter, we demonstrate the usefulness of hydrazone activation for the synthesis of biologically relevant tetrahydroindolizines. A pyrrol-derived hydrazone bearing a Michael acceptor moiety in the N-alkyl side chain has been designed with the aim of participating in the aminocatalytic cascade reaction leading to the annulation of the new six-membered heterocyclic scaffold. The application of (S)-(-)-α,α-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanol trimethylsilyl ether as the aminocatalyst allows for the iminium ion-enamine-mediated cascade to proceed in a fully stereoselective manner.

Pyrrolidine/Azepane Ring Expansion via Intramolecular Ullmann-Type Annulation/Rearrangement Cascade: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 1H-Benzazepines

5-Arylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylates with an ortho-halogen substituent at 5-aryl and an electron-withdrawing group at the C4 position of the pyrrolidine ring were transformed into 1H-benzo[b]azepine-2-carboxylates under Cu(I) promotion and microwave activation. Reaction promoter copper(I) thiophene-2-carboxylate has been generated in situ in the reaction's environment from Cu2O and thiophene-2-carboxylic acid. Functionalized 1H-benzo[b]azepine-2-carboxylates were obtained in racemic and optically active forms in 67-89% yields. Subsequent stereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and an Ullmann-type annulation/rearrangement cascade (UARC) ensure a synthetic route to oligomeric optically active benzazepine species with a well-defined 3D-structure.

Dodging the Conventional Reactivity of o-Alkynylanilines under Gold Catalysis for Distal 7-endo-dig Cyclization

A direct ring-closing strategy involving a less facile 7-endo-dig carbacyclization of o-alkynylaniline derivatives for the synthesis of benzo[b]azepines has been presented. The trivial well-documented 5-endo-dig cyclization in o-alkynylaniline derivatives due to high nucleophilicity of nitrogen has been overcome by using their vinylogous amides under gold catalysis to access a wide array of benzo[b]azepines in an atom economical way with excellent functional group compatibility. Deuterium scrambling experiments and DFT studies favor a mechanism involving stabilizing conformational change of the initially formed seven-membered vinyl gold intermediate through a key cyclopropyl gold carbene intermediate and its subsequent protodeauration mediated by the counter anion.

Domino Synthesis of Thiazolo-Fused Six- and Seven-Membered Nitrogen Heterocycles via Intramolecular Heteroannulation of In-Situ-Generated 2-(Het)aryl-4-amino-5-functionalized Thiazoles

Synthesis of novel 2-(het)aryl-substituted thiazolo-fused six- and seven-membered heterocycles, such as thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-5(4H)-ones, thiazolo[4,5-c]isoquinolin-5(4H)-ones, thiazolo[4,5-b]quinolin-9(4H)-ones, 4H-benzo[e]thiazolo[4,5-b]azepine-5,10-diones, have been developed in a single-pot operation via intramolecular heteroannulation of in-situ-generated 2-(het)aryl-4-amino-5-functionalized thiazoles. These 4-amino-5-functionalized thiazoles were readily obtained in a one-pot process by treatment of a range of (het)aryldithioesters with cyanamide in the presence of NaH, followed by in situ S-alkylation-intramolecular condensations of the resulting thioimidate salts with appropriate activated methylene halides. On the other hand, the corresponding 4H-benzo[b]thiazolo[4,5-e][1,4]diazepin-10(9H)-ones were synthesized in a two-step process, requiring prior isolation of 5-carboethoxy-4-(2-nitrophenyl)aminothiazoles and their subsequent reductive cyclization. The activated methylene halides employed in these reactions for the synthesis of various thiazolo-fused heterocycles were methyl bromocrotonate, ethyl 2-(bromomethyl)benzoate, 2-fluorophenacyl bromides, ethyl 2-(2-bromoacetyl)benzoate, and ethyl bromoacetate. Several of these thiazolo-fused heterocycles display yellow green to green fluorescence, and their absorption and emission spectra have also been examined.

Ruthenium- and Copper-Catalyzed Propargylic Substitution Reactions of Propargylic Alcohol Derivatives with Hydrazones

Ruthenium- and copper-catalyzed propargylic substitution reactions of propargylic alcohol derivatives with N-monosubstituted hydrazones as ambident nucleophiles are achieved in which N-monosubstituted hydrazones exhibit impressive different reactivities depending on different catalytic systems, behaving as carbon-centered nucleophiles to give the corresponding propargylic alkylated products in ruthenium catalysis, or as nitrogen-centered nucleophiles to afford the corresponding propargylic aminated products in copper catalysis. DFT calculations were carried out to investigate the detailed reaction pathways of these two systems. Further transformation of propargylic substituted products affords the corresponding multisubstituted pyrazoles as cyclization products in good to high yields.

I2 -Promoted Intramolecular Oxidative Cyclization of Butenyl Anilines: A Facile Route to Benzo[b]azepines

A metal-free approach for the synthesis of seven-membered N-heterocycles has been developed by the I₂ -promoted intramolecular cross-coupling/annulation of butenyl anilines. This cyclization reaction involves C-H activation and C-C bond formation and exhibits good functional group tolerance. A series of benzo[b]azepine derivatives are obtained in moderate to good yields.

Vinylogous hydrazone strategy for the organocatalytic alkylation of heteroaromatic derivatives

A new umpolung approach for the asymmetric Friedel-Crafts-type alkylation of electron-poor heteroaromatic systems has been developed. It is based on the vinylogous reactivity of hydrazones derived from heteroaromatic aldehydes. The donating effect of the hydrazone moiety can be efficiently transferred over the heteroaromatic system activating it towards an asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes realized under aminocatalytic conditions. Excellent enantioselectivities have been obtained owing to the application of a MacMillan imidazolidinone catalyst. Unmasking of the hydrazone moiety has also been realized resulting in the development of a unique strategy for the asymmetric functionalization of electron-poor heteroaromatic systems.

Hemin-Catalyzed Oxidative Phenol-Hydrazone [3+3] Cycloaddition Enables Rapid Construction of 1,3,4-Oxadiazines

Herein, we present a hemin-catalyzed oxidative phenol-hydrazone [3+3] cycloaddition that accommodates a broad spectrum of N-arylhydrazones, a class of less exploited 1,3-dipoles due to their significant Lewis basicity and weak tendency to undergo 1,2-prototropy to form azomethine imines. It renders expedient assembly of diversely functionalized 1,3,4-oxadiazines with excellent atom and step economy. Preliminary mechanistic studies point to the involvement of a one-electron oxidation pathway, which likely differs from the base-promoted aerobic oxidative scenario.