1
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Mackenroth AV, Antoni PW, Shiri F, Bendel C, Mayer C, Gross JH, Rominger F, Rudolph M, Ariafard A, Hashmi ASK. Gold-Catalysed Intramolecular Reaction of Alkynes with Sulfoximines Acting as N- and O-Transfer Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202420360. [PMID: 39661478 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202420360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2024] [Revised: 12/03/2024] [Accepted: 12/05/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
Among the nucleophilic oxidants employed in the gold-catalysed oxidation of alkynes, sulphur-based reagents have played a substantial role since the beginning, granting access to the respective gold carbene intermediates. Herein, we describe the first example of the substance class of sulfoximines being used as atom transfer reagents to alkynes in gold catalysis. Based on the transformation of N-(2-alkynylphenyl) sulfoximines to 3H-indol-3-ones, it is demonstrated that the sulfoximine functionality is capable of selectively transferring first its nitrogen moiety to the alkyne, forming the α-imino gold carbene, which is then oxidised by the released sulfoxide moiety in a second step via a pseudo-intramolecular mechanism-a distinctive feature that differentiates this work mechanistically from earlier studies. A combination of extensive experimental and theoretical studies provides evidence for this mechanistic rationale. As no external reagents for the 1,2-difunctionalisation of the alkyne unit are required, a wide variety of functional groups are tolerated in the transformation, affording the desired 3H-indol-3-ones in mostly good yields. It was further also showcased that it is possible to combine our methodology with additional transformations of the 3H-indol-3-one core in one-pot procedures, allowing facile access to C2-quaternary indolin-3-one structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Mackenroth
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick W Antoni
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Farshad Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Christoph Bendel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen H Gross
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Acharya SS, Patra S, Maharana R, Dash M, Barad LM, Parida BB. Recent advances in spirocyclization of maleimides via transition-metal catalyzed C-H activation. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2916-2947. [PMID: 38497106 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the maleimide scaffold has received a great deal of attention in C-H activation. Several types of products can be constructed using maleimides as a coupling partner. Alkylation, alkenylation, annulation, dehydrogenative annulation and spirocyclization are various reactions shown by maleimides in C-H activation. Thus, the maleimide scaffold has been extensively studied in the last few years in C-H activation owing to its unique reactivity. Among the diverse class of reactions of maleimides, spirocyclization is a less explored reaction. The spirocycles, in particular the spirosuccinimides are interesting candidates in drug discovery and materials chemistry. Therefore the method of spirocyclization of maleimides via C-H activation becomes an important strategy for the synthesis of a diverse array of spirosuccinimides. This review summarizes the reports available in this field from 2015-2023 and also highlights the scopes and prospects of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sagarika Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Odisha-760007, India.
| | - Rojalini Maharana
- Department of Chemistry, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Odisha-760007, India.
| | - Manaswini Dash
- Department of Chemistry, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Odisha-760007, India.
| | - Liza Mama Barad
- Department of Chemistry, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Odisha-760007, India.
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3
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Lai EY, Yuan B, Ackermann L, Johansson MJ. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation with Isocyanates Through Weak Coordinating Groups. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302023. [PMID: 37737512 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Introducing amide functional groups under mild conditions has growing importance owing to the prevalence of such moiety in biologically active molecules. Herein, we disclose a mild protocol for the directed ruthenium-catalyzed C-H aminocarbonylation with isocyanates as the amidating agents developed through high-throughput experimentation (HTE). The redox-neutral and base-free reaction is guided by weakly Lewis basic functional groups, including anilides, lactams and carbamates to access anthranilamide derivatives. The synthetic utility of this transformation is reflected by large-scale synthesis and late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Y Lai
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden1, 431 50, Mölndal, Sweden
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and, Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and, Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and, Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Potsdamer Strasse 58, 10785, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magnus J Johansson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden1, 431 50, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Wang B, Liang X, Zeng Q. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Cyclic Sulfoximines via C-H Bond Activation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031367. [PMID: 36771034 PMCID: PMC9921269 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfoximines, a ubiquitous class of structural motifs, are widely present in bioactive molecules and functional materials that have received considerable attention from modern organic chemistry, pharmaceutical industries, and materials science. Sulfoximines have proved to be an effective directing group for C-H functionalization which was widely investigated for the synthesis of cyclic sulfoximines. Within the last decade, great progress has been achieved in the synthesis of cyclic sulfoximines. Thus, this review highlights the recent advances in the synthesis of cyclic sulfoximines via the C-H activation strategy and is classified based on the substrate types.
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5
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Rh(III)-catalyzed twofold unsymmetrical C H alkenylation-annulation/amidation reaction enabled delivery of diverse furoquinazolinones. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans‐Joachim Gais
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Professor-Pirlet Strasse 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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7
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Li M, Tao JY, Wang LN, Li JW, Liu YJ, Zeng MH. Construction of Bulky Ligand Libraries by Ru (II)-Catalyzed P (III)-Assisted ortho-C-H Secondary Alkylation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11915-11925. [PMID: 34423988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modification of commercially available biaryl monophosphine ligands via ruthenium(II)-catalyzed P(III)-directed-catalyzed ortho C-H secondary alkylation is described. The use of highly ring-strained norbornene as a secondary alkylating reagent is the key to this transformation. A series of highly bulky ligands with a norbornyl group were obtained in excellent yields. The modified ligands with secondary alkyl group outperformed common substituted phosphines in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction at a ppm mole level of Pd catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jun-Yang Tao
- Department of Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Liang-Neng Wang
- Department of Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jia-Wei Li
- Department of Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yue-Jin Liu
- Department of Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ming-Hua Zeng
- Department of Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.,Department of Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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8
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Han SH, Lee K, Noh HC, Lee PH. Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed
N
‐Carbonylative Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Sulfoximines with Aryl, Heteroaryl, and Alkenyl Halides Using Tungsten Hexacarbonyl as Carbon Monoxide Source. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Han
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsup Lee
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chan Noh
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
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9
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Zhou T, Qian PF, Li JY, Zhou YB, Li HC, Chen HY, Shi BF. Efficient Synthesis of Sulfur-Stereogenic Sulfoximines via Ru(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective C-H Functionalization Enabled by Chiral Carboxylic Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6810-6816. [PMID: 33909436 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ru(II)-catalyzed enantioselective C-H functionalization involving an enantiodetermining C-H cleavage step remains undeveloped. Here we describe a Ru(II)-catalyzed enantioselective C-H activation/annulation of sulfoximines with α-carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides using a novel class of chiral binaphthyl monocarboxylic acids as chiral ligands, which can be easily and modularly prepared from 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid. A broad range of sulfur-stereogenic sulfoximines were prepared in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield and 99% ee) via desymmetrization, kinetic resolution, and parallel kinetic resolution. Furthermore, the resolution products can be easily transformed to chiral sulfoxides and key intermediates for kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Pu-Fan Qian
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun-Yi Li
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yi-Bo Zhou
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hao-Chen Li
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hao-Yu Chen
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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10
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Lin J, Hu L, Chen C, Feng H, Yu Y, Yang Y, Zhou B. Rhodium-Catalyzed Twofold Unsymmetrical C-H Alkenylation-Annulation/Thiolation Reaction To Access Thiobenzofurans. Org Lett 2021; 23:1194-1198. [PMID: 33523667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A Rh(III)-catalyzed twofold unsymmetrical C-H alkenylation-annulation/thiolation reaction has been developed, enabling the straightforward and efficient synthesis of various thiobenzofurans in one step. This robust protocol proceeds with a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance under relatively mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liuyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huijin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yaxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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11
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Abstract
This review highlights (2010–2021) different strategies for the construction of the phthalimide core apart from traditional synthetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suven Das
- Department of Chemistry, Rishi Bankim Chandra College for Women, Naihati, 24-Parganas (N), 743165, India
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12
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Ghosh P, Ganguly B, Das S. N−H and C−H Functionalization of Sulfoximine: Recent Advancement and Prospects. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanjit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry University of North Bengal Darjeeling 734013 West Bengal
| | - Bhaskar Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry University of North Bengal Darjeeling 734013 West Bengal
| | - Sajal Das
- Department of Chemistry University of North Bengal Darjeeling 734013 West Bengal
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13
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Chen C, Shi C, Yang Y, Zhou B. Rh(iii)-catalyzed tandem annulative redox-neutral arylation/amidation of aromatic tethered alkenes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12124-12129. [PMID: 34094427 PMCID: PMC8162841 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04007j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed directed C–H functionalization has emerged as a powerful and straightforward tool to construct C–C bonds and C–N bonds. Among these processes, the intramolecular annulative alkene hydroarylation reaction has received much attention because this intramolecular annulation can produce more complex and high value-added structural motifs found in numerous natural products and bioactive molecules. Despite remarkable progress, these annulative protocols developed to date remain limited to hydroarylation and functionalization of one side of alkenes, thus largely limiting the structural diversity and complexity. Herein, we developed a rhodium(iii)-catalyzed tandem annulative arylation/amidation reaction of aromatic tethered alkenes to deliver a variety of 2,3-dihydro-3-benzofuranmethanamine derivatives bearing an all-carbon quaternary stereo center by employing 3-substituted 1,4,2-dioxazol-5-ones as an amidating reagent to capture the transient C(sp3)–Rh intermediate. Notably, by simply changing the directing group, a second, unsymmetrical ortho C–H amidation/annulation can be achieved to provide tricyclic dihydrofuro[3,2-f]quinazolinones in good yields. A rhodium(iii)-catalyzed tandem annulative arylation/amidation reaction of aromatic tethered alkenes was developed to deliver a variety of 2,3-dihydro-3-benzofuranmethanamine derivatives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road Shanghai 201203 China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road Shanghai 201203 China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yaxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road Shanghai 201203 China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road Shanghai 201203 China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
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14
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Schumacher C, Fergen H, Puttreddy R, Truong KN, Rinesch T, Rissanen K, Bolm C. N-(2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoropyridyl)sulfoximines: synthesis, X-ray crystallography, and halogen bonding. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
N-(Tetrafluoropyridyl)sulfoximines are obtained from NH-sulfoximines and pentafluoropyridine under solution-based or mechanochemical conditions, and the solid-state structures of 26 products have been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Fergen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Rakesh Puttreddy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
- University of Jyvaskyla
| | - Khai-Nghi Truong
- University of Jyvaskyla
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Torsten Rinesch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
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