1
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Hu C, Kuhn L, Makurvet FD, Knorr ES, Lin X, Kawade RK, Mentink-Vigier F, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Tethering Three Radical Cascades for Controlled Termination of Radical Alkyne peri-Annulations: Making Phenalenyl Ketones without Oxidants. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4187-4211. [PMID: 38316011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Although Bu3Sn-mediated radical alkyne peri-annulations allow access to phenalenyl ring systems, the oxidative termination of these cascades provides only a limited selection of the possible isomeric phenalenone products with product selectivity controlled by the intrinsic properties of the new cyclic systems. In this work, we report an oxidant-free termination strategy that can overcome this limitation and enable selective access to the full set of isomerically functionalized phenalenones. The key to preferential termination is the preinstallation of a "weak link" that undergoes C-O fragmentation in the final cascade step. Breaking a C-O bond is assisted by entropy, gain of conjugation in the product, and release of stabilized radical fragments. This strategy is expanded to radical exo-dig cyclization cascades of oligoalkynes, which provide access to isomeric π-extended phenalenones. Conveniently, these cascades introduce functionalities (i.e., Bu3Sn and iodide moieties) amenable to further cross-coupling reactions. Consequently, a variety of polyaromatic diones, which could serve as phenalenyl-based open-shell precursors, can be synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Favour D Makurvet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Erica S Knorr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Rahul K Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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2
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Murai M, Enoki T, Yamaguchi S. Dithienoazepine-Based Near-Infrared Dyes: Janus-Faced Effects of a Thiophene-Fused Structure on Antiaromatic Azepines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311445. [PMID: 37699858 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
We here disclose that the incorporation of thiophene rings into a seven-membered 8π azepine in a fused fashion produces a useful antiaromatic core for near-infrared (NIR) dyes. In contrast to dibenzazepine derivatives with bent structures, dithieno-fused derivatives with electron-accepting groups adopt flat conformations in the ground state. The dithieno-fused derivatives exhibited broad absorption spectra that cover the visible region as well as sharp emission bands in the NIR region, which are considerably red-shifted relative to those of the dibenzo-fused congeners. Theoretical study revealed two contradictory effects of the less-aromatic thiophene-fused structure, i.e., the enhancement of the antiaromaticity of the adjacent azepine ring and the relief of the antiaromaticity through the contribution of a quinoidal resonance form. The combination of the dithienoazepine core with cationic electron-accepting groups produced a NIR fluorescent dye with an emission at 878 nm in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takahiro Enoki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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3
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Saha HK, Mallick D, Das S. Dibenzoheterole-Fused s-Indacenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16248-16258. [PMID: 37943573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterole (pyrrole, thiophene, furan, thiophene-S,S-dioxide)-fused s-indacenes are known for their enhanced paratropic ring-current strength. However, the outcome of the antiaromatic properties for dibenzoheterole-fused s-indacene antiaromatics remained underexplored. Carbazole-, dibenzothiophene-, dibenzofuran-, and dibenzo[b,d]thiophene-5,5-dioxide-fused s-indacenes 1-4, respectively, were synthesized and characterized by experimental (NMR, single-crystal, UV-vis, CV) and computational (DFT) approaches to study the ground-state antiaromatic properties. Sulfone-containing 4 showed the weakest paratropic ring-current strength for the s-indacene unit, while 1-3 showed a relatively greater paratropicity for the s-indacene unit, as evidenced by the changes in 1H NMR chemical shifts of s-indacene protons. Such observation was explained by the electron-withdrawing effect of the sulfone group and loss of 4n + 2 aromaticity of the heterole unit for 4 reducing its s-indacene paratropicity strength as the nonaromaticity of the heterole unit reduces the π-bond character at the dibenzo[b,d]thiophene-5,5-dioxide/s-indacene fusion site to avoid antiaromatic s-indacene ring formation. The modulation of the paratropic ring-current strength of s-indacene for 1-4 was further supported by the NICS(1)zz and ring-current (ACID) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemonta Kumar Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Dibyendu Mallick
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
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4
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Mizuno Y, Nogata A, Suzuki M, Nakayama KI, Hisaki I, Kishi R, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzothieno[ a, f]pentalenes Enabling Large Antiaromaticity and Moderate Open-Shell Character through a Small Energy Barrier for Bond-Shift Valence Tautomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20595-20609. [PMID: 37695346 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical rationalization of bond-shift valence tautomerization, characterized by double-well potential surfaces, is one of the most challenging topics of study among the rich electronic properties of antiaromatic molecules. Although the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect (PJTE) is an essential effect to provide attractive characteristics of 4nπ systems, an understanding of the structure-property relationship derived from the PJTE for planar 4nπ electron systems is still in its infancy. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two regioisomers of the thiophene-fused diareno[a,f]pentalenes 6 and 7. The magnetic and optoelectronic properties characterize these sulfur-doped diareno[a,f]pentalenes as open-shell antiaromatic molecules, in sharp contrast to the closed-shell antiaromatic systems of 3 and 5, in which these main cores consist of the same number of π electrons as 6 and 7. Notably, thiophene-fused 6b and 7b showed pronounced antiaromaticity, the strongest among the previous systems, as well as moderate open-shell characteristics. Our experimental and theoretical investigations concluded that these properties of 6b and 7b are derived from the small energy barrier Ea‡ for the bond-shift valence tautomerization. The energy profile of the single crystal of 6b showed the temperature-dependent structural variations assigned to the dynamic mutual exchange between the two Cs-symmetric structures, which was also supported by changes in the chemical shifts of variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra in the solution phase. Both experimental and computational results revealed the importance of introducing heteroaromatic rings into 4nπ systems for controlling the PJTE and manifesting the antiaromatic and open-shell natures originating from the high-symmetric structure. The findings of this study advance the understanding of antiaromaticity characterized by the PJTE by controlling the energy barrier for bond-shift valence tautomerizations, potentially leading to the rational design of optoelectronic devices based on novel antiaromatic molecules possessing the strong contributions of their high-symmetric geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Nogata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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5
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Adachi Y, Hasegawa T, Ohshita J. Highly luminescent antiaromatic diborinines with fused thiophene rings. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37357987 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01841e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Tricoordinate boron-incorporated π-conjugated systems are widely investigated as optoelectronic materials because of their unique p-π* orbital interactions and high Lewis acidity. Among them, thiophene-fused diborinines are characterized by moderate antiaromaticity and extended conjugation. In this work, we have developed two new dithienodiborinines with C2h and C2v symmetries, which exhibited completely different optical properties. The thiophene-fused diborinines synthesized in this study showed excellent fluorescence properties both in solution and in the solid state, with quantum yields of up to 95%. The high antiaromaticity enhanced the Lewis acidity of the boron centers, as proven by the large association constants with fluoride ion estimated from titration experiments. The high Lewis acidity and the superior luminescence property have enabled their application as fluorescent sensor materials for the detection of ammonia vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Adachi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Takumi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Joji Ohshita
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
- Digital Monozukuri (Manufacturing) Education and Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
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6
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Tabata N, Uchino T, Kitamura C, Yoshizawa K, Shiota Y, Kato SI. Site-selective radical reactions of kinetically stable open-shell singlet diradicaloid difluorenoheteroles with tributyltin hydride and azo-based radical initiators. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5974-5982. [PMID: 37293653 PMCID: PMC10246680 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00381g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated site-selective radical reactions of the kinetically stable open-shell singlet diradicaloids difluoreno[3,4-b:4',3'-d]thiophene (DFTh) and difluoreno[3,4-b:4',3'-d]furan (DFFu) with tributyltin hydride (HSn(n-Bu)3) and azo-based radical initiators. Treatment of these diradicaloids with HSn(n-Bu)3 induces hydrogenation at the ipso-carbon in the five-membered rings, while treatment with 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) induces substitution at the carbon atoms in the peripheral six-membered rings. We have also developed one-pot substitution/hydrogenation reactions of DFTh/DFFu with various azo-based radical initiators and HSn(n-Bu)3. The resulting products can be converted into substituted DFTh/DFFu derivatives via dehydrogenation. Theoretical calculations unveiled a detailed mechanism of the radical reactions of DFTh/DFFu with HSn(n-Bu)3 and with AIBN, and that the site-selectivity of these radical reactions is controlled by the balance of the spin density and the steric hindrance in DFTh/DFFu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tabata
- Department of Materials Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture 2500 Hassaka-cho Hikone Shiga 522-8533 Japan
| | - Takumi Uchino
- Department of Materials Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture 2500 Hassaka-cho Hikone Shiga 522-8533 Japan
| | - Chitoshi Kitamura
- Department of Materials Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture 2500 Hassaka-cho Hikone Shiga 522-8533 Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kato
- Department of Materials Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture 2500 Hassaka-cho Hikone Shiga 522-8533 Japan
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7
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Thomas A, Wakhradkar MG, B S, Gunturu KC, Kaczmarek-Kędziera A, Abraham J. Computational Study on the Effect of Thienyl π-Donor on the Optical Response of Nonclassical Oligo-Pyrazinothienothiadiazole Biradicaloids. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7829-7839. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anup Thomas
- Centre for Computational Research in Clean Energy Technologies, Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering, Trivandrum695018, India
| | - Mahesh G. Wakhradkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, S.R.T.M. University, Nanded431606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddlingeshwar B
- Department of Physics, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, (Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU), Bengaluru560054, India
| | | | - Anna Kaczmarek-Kędziera
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100Toruń, Poland
| | - Joel Abraham
- Centre for Computational Research in Clean Energy Technologies, Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering, Trivandrum695018, India
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8
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Saha HK, Mallick D, Das S. Unveiling two antiaromatic s-indacenodicarbazole isomers with tuneable paratropicity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8492-8495. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Linear and curved antiaromatic s-indacenodicarbazole isomers were synthesized and characterized to show tuneable strength of s-indacene paratropicity, as analyzed by NICS(1)zz and ACID (ring-current) calculations. The curved isomer showed a...
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9
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Zhen CJ, Lu SF, Lin MH, Wu JT, Chao I, Lin CH. Singlet Biradical Versus Triplet Biradical/Zwitterion Characteristics in Isomers of C 6 -C 5 -C 6 -C 7 -C 6 -Fused Pentacyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Revealed through Reactivity Patterns. Chemistry 2021; 27:16682-16689. [PMID: 34611945 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Among various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, C6 -C5 -C6 -C7 -C6 fused pentacyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have the unique potential to adopt quinonoid, zwitterion, singlet, or triplet biradical electronic configurations. Two such hybrid structures between pentacene and azulene were synthesized and their ground state electronic configurations were deduced from the reactivity patterns they exhibit respectively. Compound 6, where the radicaloid carbons are linked through a para-phenylene, forms a head-to-head dimer like a singlet biradical. In contrast, isomer 7, where the para-linkage was switched to meta, reacts readily with oxygen which resembles the reactivity of a triplet state. The oxidized intermediate(s) then undergoes rearrangement to furnish the C6 -C5 -C6 -C6 -C6 ring contraction product 13. Cation 14, the protonated form of 7, was synthesized, which implies 7 also reacts like a zwitterion. It was revealed the oxidative rearrangement takes place even with mesityl dibenzotropylium cation despite its perceived aromaticity. DFT calculations confirm the most stable forms of 6 and 7 are singlet and triplet diradical, which is consistent with the observed reactivity of respective molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian-Jhe Zhen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 127 Sec. 2 Academia Rd. Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Lu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 127 Sec. 2 Academia Rd. Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Min-Hwa Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 127 Sec. 2 Academia Rd. Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jay-Tai Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 127 Sec. 2 Academia Rd. Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ito Chao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 127 Sec. 2 Academia Rd. Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hsiu Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 127 Sec. 2 Academia Rd. Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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10
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Holland EK, Thorley KJ, Parkin SR, Anthony JE. Revisiting the Octadehydro[12]annulenes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Holland
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40509 USA
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40509 USA
| | - Sean R. Parkin
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40509 USA
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40509 USA
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11
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Barker JE, Price TW, Karas LJ, Kishi R, MacMillan SN, Zakharov LN, Gómez-García CJ, Wu JI, Nakano M, Haley MM. A Tale of Two Isomers: Enhanced Antiaromaticity/Diradical Character versus Deleterious Ring-Opening of Benzofuran-fused s-Indacenes and Dicyclopenta[b,g]naphthalenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22385-22392. [PMID: 34383986 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We examine the effects of fusing two benzofurans to s-indacene (indacenodibenzofurans, IDBFs) and dicyclopenta[b,g]naphthalene (indenoindenodibenzofurans, IIDBFs) to control the strong antiaromaticity and diradical character of these core units. Synthesis via 3-functionalized benzofuran yields syn-IDBF and syn-IIDBF. syn-IDBF possesses a high degree of paratropicity, exceeding that of the parent hydrocarbon, which in turn results in strong diradical character for syn-IIDBF. In the case of the anti-isomers, synthesized via 2-substituted benzofurans, these effects are decreased; however, both derivatives undergo an unexpected ring-opening reaction during the final dearomatization step. All the results are compared to the benzothiophene-fused analogues and show that the increased electronegativity of oxygen in the syn-fused derivatives leads to enhancement of the antiaromatic core causing greater paratropicity. For syn-IIDBF increased diradical character results from rearomati-zation of the core naphthalene unit in order to relieve this paratropicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Tavis W Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Lucas J Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, International Advanced Research Institute (QIQB-IARI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Division of Quantum Photochemical Engineering, Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- Center for Advanced Materials Characterization at Oregon (CAMCOR), University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1433, USA
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, International Advanced Research Institute (QIQB-IARI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Division of Quantum Photochemical Engineering, Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
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12
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Barker JE, Price TW, Karas LJ, Kishi R, MacMillan SN, Zakharov LN, Gómez‐García CJ, Wu JI, Nakano M, Haley MM. A Tale of Two Isomers: Enhanced Antiaromaticity/Diradical Character versus Deleterious Ring‐Opening of Benzofuran‐fused
s
‐Indacenes and Dicyclopenta[
b
,
g
]naphthalenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. Barker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1253 USA
| | - Tavis W. Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1253 USA
| | - Lucas J. Karas
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston Texas 77204 USA
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology International Advanced Research Institute (QIQB-IARI) Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Division of Quantum Photochemical Engineering Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC) Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Center for Advanced Materials Characterization at Oregon (CAMCOR) University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1433 USA
| | - Carlos J. Gómez‐García
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad de Valencia 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Judy I. Wu
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston Texas 77204 USA
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology International Advanced Research Institute (QIQB-IARI) Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Division of Quantum Photochemical Engineering Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC) Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN) Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1253 USA
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13
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Warren GI, Barker JE, Zakharov LN, Haley MM. Enhancing the Antiaromaticity of s-Indacene through Naphthothiophene Fusion. Org Lett 2021; 23:5012-5017. [PMID: 34129339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Addressing the instability of antiaromatic compounds often involves protection with bulky groups and/or fusion of aromatic rings, thus decreasing paratropicity. We report four naphthothiophene-fused s-indacene isomers, one of which is more antiaromatic than parent s-indacene. This surprising result is examined computationally through nucleus-independent chemical shift XY calculations and experimentally via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and cyclic voltammetry, with the latter two indicating that this molecule possesses the lowest highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy gap observed for heterocycle-fused s-indacene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle I Warren
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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14
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Konishi A, Horii K, Iwasa H, Okada Y, Kishi R, Nakano M, Yasuda M. Characterization of Benzo[a]naphtho[2,3-f]pentalene: Interrelation between Open-shell and Antiaromatic Characters Governed by Mode of the Quinoidal Subunit and Molecular Symmetry. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1553-1561. [PMID: 33861497 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The singlet open-shell character and antiaromaticity are intriguing features in π-conjugated carbocycles. These two exhibit similar chemical and physical properties. However, they rarely coexist in the same molecule. Understanding the interrelation between the open-shell and antiaromatic characteristics in the same molecule is crucial to control the electronic properties. Herein we describe the synthesis and characterization of a new member of diareno[a,f]pentalene, benzo[a]naphtho[2,3-f]pentalene 6. Unlike its isomer 5 with a closed-shell ground state, 6 exhibits an appreciable open-shell character and a moderate antiaromatic feature. The behaviors of the open-shell index (y0 ) against the difference of the proton chemical signal (Δδ(H1 )) between pentalenide dianions/neutral pentalenes for our reported pentalenes 1, 4, 5, and 6 give a thought-provoking conclusion about the interrelation between open-shell and antiaromatic characteristics in this series. The mode of the incorporated quinoidal moiety and the formal molecular symmetry are critical to balance these two characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koki Horii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruna Iwasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yui Okada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (QIQB-OTRI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (QIQB-OTRI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Thomas A, Ji C, Siddlingeshwar B, Manohar PU, Ying F, Wu W. Revealing the biradicaloid nature inherited in the derivatives of thieno[3,4- c][1,2,5]thiadiazole: a computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1050-1061. [PMID: 33346279 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05106c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies were performed on non-classical thieno[3,4-c][1,2,5] thiadiazole and its pi donor derivatives (TT dyes) so as to delineate the factors responsible for their near-infrared (NIR) absorption. For all dyes except the unsubstituted bare dye, adiabatic singlet-triplet energy gaps (estimated through the ΔSCF procedure using the B3LYP and M062X DFT methods and SFTDDFT with the 5050 functional) were less than 1eV. Percentage calculations of the biradicaloid character suggested a moderate biradicaloid nature in all derivatives. There was a resemblance between the frontier molecular orbital (MO) picture of the TT bicyclic ring and the degenerate non-bonding molecular orbitals of Trimethyleneethane (TME, a known biradical). Inter-fragment charge transfer analysis revealed not only a considerable donation of charge to the central ring (Acceptor, TT part) but also substantial charge redistribution within the ring itself. From these results, it was inferred that NIR absorption, in these dyes, was due to: (1) a reduced HOMO-LUMO gap (HLG) as a TME biradical substructure forms its chromophoric part; and (2) charge transfer from the donor substituents. The non-bonding nature of the S atom, in the bare dye, with its neighbouring N/C atom (of the highest occupied π-MOs), led to an examination of its electronic structure using the ab initio valence bond method. The relatively large weight and energetic stability of the biradicaloid VB structures compared to those of the ylidic structures clearly disclosed the importance of biradicaloid structures in the overall resonance of the bare dye. Their utility as singlet fission materials was screened using singlet and triplet energy-based molecular structure activity criteria. The results were encouraging, demanding experiments to reaffirm the materials' usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Thomas
- Center for Computational Research in Clean Energy Technologies, Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering, Pappanamcode, Trivandrum 695018, India
| | - Chenru Ji
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - B Siddlingeshwar
- Department of Physics, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560054, India.
| | - Prashant Uday Manohar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Fuming Ying
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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16
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Usuba J, Hayakawa M, Yamaguchi S, Fukazawa A. Dithieno[
a
,
e
]pentalenes: Highly Antiaromatic Yet Stable π‐Electron Systems without Bulky Substituents. Chemistry 2020; 27:1638-1647. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Usuba
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8501 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on, Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) Nagoya University, Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayakawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8501 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on, Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) Nagoya University, Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on, Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) Nagoya University, Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8501 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
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17
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Dressler JJ, Haley MM. Learning how to fine‐tune diradical properties by structure refinement. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Dressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
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