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Cheng B, Wang Q, An Y, Chen F. Recent advances in the total synthesis of galantamine, a natural medicine for Alzheimer's disease. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38450550 DOI: 10.1039/d4np00001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 2006 to 2023(-)-Galantamine is a natural product with distinctive structural features and potent inhibitory activity against acetylcholine esterase (AChE). It is clinically approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The clinical significance and scarcity of this natural product have prompted extensive and ongoing efforts towards the chemical synthesis of this challenging tetracyclic structure. The objective of this review is to summarize and discuss recent progress in the total synthesis of galantamine from 2006 to 2023. The contents are organized according to the synthetic strategies for the construction of the quaternary center. Key features of each synthesis have been highlighted, followed by a summary and outlook at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bichu Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- School of Science, Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Science, Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi An
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
- School of Science, Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Křoustková J, Ritomská A, Al Mamun A, Hulcová D, Opletal L, Kuneš J, Cahlíková L, Bucar F. Structural analysis of unusual alkaloids isolated from Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 204:113439. [PMID: 36152726 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Narciindole A, the first representative of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids with an indol-3-ylmethanone framework, was isolated from bulbs of Narcissus pseudonarcissus (L.) cv. Carlton, together with carltonine D and carltonine E, which share the same unusual structural motif as dimeric carltonine C (reported in 2020), exhibiting atropisomerism. Unambiguous structure elucidations have been achieved by NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, and comparison with literature data of related alkaloids. Furthermore, the chirality of known alkaloids with a galanthindole biaryl core was revised using optical rotation. Last, but not least, a biosynthetic pathway for dimeric carltonine-type alkaloids was proposed. Unfortunately, in terms of biological activity, the isolated alkaloids showed only moderate inhibition of human acetylcholinesterase and/or butyrylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Křoustková
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Aneta Ritomská
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Hulcová
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Opletal
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kuneš
- Department of Bioorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cahlíková
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Franz Bucar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Pollok D, Großmann LM, Behrendt T, Opatz T, Waldvogel SR. A General Electro‐Synthesis Approach to Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201523. [PMID: 35662286 PMCID: PMC9543536 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids appeal to organic chemists with their attractive structures and their impressive antitumor and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties. We demonstrate a highly versatile access to this family of natural products. A general protocol with high yields in a sustainable electro‐organic key transformation on a metal‐free anode to spirodienones facilitates functionalization to the alkaloids. The biomimetic syntheses start with the readily available, inexpensive biogenic starting materials methyl gallate, O‐methyl tyramine, and vanillin derivatives. Through known dynamic resolutions, this technology provides access to both enantiomeric series of (epi‐)martidine, (epi‐)crinine, siculine, and galantamine, clinically prescribed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pollok
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Luca M. Großmann
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Torsten Behrendt
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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Biotechnological Approaches to Optimize the Production of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070893. [PMID: 35883449 PMCID: PMC9313318 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) are plant specialized metabolites with therapeutic properties exclusively produced by the Amaryllidaceae plant family. The two most studied representatives of the family are galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as a treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, and lycorine, displaying potent in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic and antiviral properties. Unfortunately, the variable level of AAs’ production in planta restricts most of the pharmaceutical applications. Several biotechnological alternatives, such as in vitro culture or synthetic biology, are being developed to enhance the production and fulfil the increasing demand for these AAs plant-derived drugs. In this review, current biotechnological approaches to produce different types of bioactive AAs are discussed.
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Xiong Z, Weidlich F, Sanchez C, Wirth T. Biomimetic total synthesis of (-)-galanthamine via intramolecular anodic aryl-phenol coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4123-4127. [PMID: 35537211 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00669c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Galanthamine as a drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease has attracted synthetic chemists for decades. However, previous total synthetic and biomimetic approaches often use stoichiometric oxidants (metal oxidants or hypervalent iodine) to prepare the target product. Anodic oxidative coupling offers a sustainable alternative method which is, for the first time, successfully applied to the total synthesis of (-)-galanthamine. We report a new asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-galanthamine by using an anodic aryl-phenol coupling as the key synthetic step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Xiong
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Frauke Weidlich
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Camille Sanchez
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
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Majumder S, Yadav A, Pal S, Khatua A, Bisai A. Asymmetric Total Syntheses of (-)-Lycoramine, (-)-Lycoraminone, (-)-Narwedine, and (-)-Galanthamine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7786-7797. [PMID: 35613361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A concise asymmetric total synthesis of naturally occurring Amaryllidaceae alkaloids sharing dihydrobenzofuran scaffolds, (-)-galanthamine (1a), (-)-lycoramine (1b), (-)-narwedine (2a), and (-)-lycoraminone (2b), is reported. Orthoester Johnson-Claisen rearrangement of allyl alcohol (+)-9 (98% ee) in diisopropylethylamine furnished enantioenriched cyclohexene (+)-8 (97.4% ee) with a quaternary stereogenic center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Majumder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abhinay Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Souvik Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arindam Khatua
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Kalyani, Nadia 741 246, West Bengal, India
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