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He M, Sato Y, Nishizawa S. Classical thiazole orange and its regioisomer as fluorogenic probes for nucleolar RNA imaging in living cells. Analyst 2023; 148:636-642. [PMID: 36602142 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01804g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to well-established DNA-selective dyes for live cell imaging, RNA-selective dyes have been less developed owing to the challenges of making small molecules have RNA selectivity over DNA. Two kinds of dyes are now commercially available for nucleolar RNA imaging in cells, but these two dyes do not apply to living cells and have limited use in fixed and permeabilized cells. Herein, we report on thiazole orange (TO), a well-known nucleic acid stain, as a promising fluorogenic dye for nucleolar RNA imaging in living cells. TO shows clear response selectivity for RNA over DNA with a significant light-up property upon binding to RNA (λem = 532 nm, I/I0 = 580-fold, and Φbound/Φfree = 380) and is even applicable to wash-free imaging of living cells. More interestingly, 2TO, a regioisomer of TO in which the benzothiazole unit is connected to position 2 in the quinoline ring, performs much better (λem = 532 nm, I/I0 = 430-fold, Φbound/Φfree = 1200), having superior selectivity for RNA in both solution and living cells. The comparison with TO derivatives carrying different substituents at N1 of the quinoline ring reveals that the slight change in the TO framework significantly affects RNA selectivity, photostability and membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng He
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Seiichi Nishizawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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2
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Benzothiazole-based colorimetric chemosensors bearing naphthol aldehyde unit: Synthesis, characterization, selective detection of hypochlorite and its application as test strips. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Guan L, Zhao J, Sun W, Deng W, Wang L. Meso-Substituted Thiazole Orange for Selective Fluorescence Detection to G-Quadruplex DNA and Molecular Docking Simulation. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26056-26062. [PMID: 33073132 PMCID: PMC7557940 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The cyanine dye thiazole orange (TO, including 2TO and 4TO) is widely used as a light-up fluorescent probe upon binding to almost all forms of DNA, but it exhibits poor selectivity for recognizing G-quadruplex DNA (G-DNA), which has significant biological functions in biological processes and therapeutic applications. Here, introducing benzyl substituent to the meso position of the methine chain of 2TO is expected to selectively recognize G-DNA. The spectroscopic titrations reveal that modified 2TO (meso-Bn-2TO) has almost no background fluorescence in solution and shows a preference to bind with G-DNA over ssDNA, dsDNA, and ct-DNA. Specifically, meso-Bn-2TO 1a displays a strong fluorescent signal upon interaction with G-DNA and a very weak fluorescent signal upon interaction with ssDNA, dsDNA, and ct-DNA, displaying considerable selectivity for G-DNA. However, parent 2TO all gives a fluorescent signal in G-DNA, dsDNA, and ct-DNA. The fluorescence intensity of 1a increases nearly 80-162 times when bound with different G-DNA. The binding constants of 1a and 2TO to G-DNA htg22 are 3.16 and 1.52 μM, respectively. Molecular docking study of 1a and 2TO with different DNA reveals that introducing benzyl substituent to the meso position methine chain of 2TO alters the planarity of the chromophore, thus enhancing the interactions with G-DNA and weakening the interactions with duplex DNA and therefore realizing selective detection to G-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an
University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, P. R. China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry
of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry
Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry
of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry
Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Wenting Deng
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry
of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry
Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Lanying Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry
of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry
Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
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4
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Scilabra P, Terraneo G, Resnati G. The Chalcogen Bond in Crystalline Solids: A World Parallel to Halogen Bond. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1313-1324. [PMID: 31082186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of the electron density around covalently bonded atoms is anisotropic, and this determines the presence, on atoms surface, of areas of higher and lower electron density where the electrostatic potential is frequently negative and positive, respectively. The ability of positive areas on atoms to form attractive interactions with electron rich sites became recently the subject of a flurry of papers. The halogen bond (HaB), the attractive interaction formed by halogens with nucleophiles, emerged as a quite common and dependable tool for controlling phenomena as diverse as the binding of small molecules to proteinaceous targets or the organization of molecular functional materials. The mindset developed in relation to the halogen bond prompted the interest in the tendency of elements of groups 13-16 of the periodic table to form analogous attractive interactions with nucleophiles. This Account addresses the chalcogen bond (ChB), the attractive interaction formed by group 16 elements with nucleophiles, by adopting a crystallographic point of view. Structures of organic derivatives are considered where chalcogen atoms form close contacts with nucleophiles in the geometry typical for chalcogen bonds. It is shown how sulfur, selenium, and tellurium can all form chalcogen bonds, the tendency to give rise to close contacts with nucleophiles increasing with the polarizability of the element. Also oxygen, when conveniently substituted, can form ChBs in crystalline solids. Chalcogen bonds can be strong enough to allow for the interaction to function as an effective and robust tool in crystal engineering. It is presented how chalcogen containing heteroaromatics, sulfides, disulfides, and selenium and tellurium analogues as well as some other molecular moieties can afford dependable chalcogen bond based supramolecular synthons. Particular attention is given to chalcogen containing azoles and their derivatives due to the relevance of these moieties in biosystems and molecular materials. It is shown how the interaction pattern around electrophilic chalcogen atoms frequently recalls the pattern around analogous halogen, pnictogen, and tetrel derivatives. For instance, directionalities of chalcogen bonds around sulfur and selenium in some thiazolium and selenazolium derivatives are similar to directionalities of halogen bonds around bromine and iodine in bromonium and iodonium compounds. This gives experimental evidence that similarities in the anisotropic distribution of the electron density in covalently bonded atoms translates in similarities in their recognition and self-assembly behavior. For instance, the analogies in interaction patterns of carbonitrile substituted elements of groups 17, 16, 15, and 14 will be presented. While the extensive experimental and theoretical data available in the literature prove that HaB and ChB form twin supramolecular synthons in the solid, more experimental information has to become available before such a statement can be safely extended to interactions wherein elements of groups 14 and 15 are the electrophiles. It will nevertheless be possible to develop some general heuristic principles for crystal engineering. Being based on the groups of the periodic table, these principles offer the advantage of being systematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Scilabra
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering ’’Giulio Natta’’, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Terraneo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering ’’Giulio Natta’’, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Resnati
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering ’’Giulio Natta’’, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
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Wang L, Lin W, Sun W, Yan M, Zhao J, Guan L, Deng W, Zhang Y. Meso-Substituent-Directed Aggregation Behavior and Water Solubility: Direct Functionalization of Methine Chain in Thiazole Orange and Biological Applications in Aqueous Buffer. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3960-3967. [PMID: 30834752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy is presented to preclude aggregation and enhance water solubility of cyanine dyes. Namely, a heteroatom-containing substituent, for distorting molecular plane and increasing interaction with water molecules, is introduced to the methine chain of 2-thiazole orange (1, a monocyanine) via one-step, and 2-thiazole orange derivatives 2a-g are prepared accordingly. The X-ray crystal structures show that the molecular plane of 2a-g is drastically twisted, which reduces intermolecular π-π stacking. The derivatives 2a-g exhibit good to excellent water solubility and can be dissolved in aqueous phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at concentrations suitable for biomedical applications. No aggregation in aqueous PBS, relatively high molar extinction coefficients, and low solvatochromism of 2a-g are reflected by the UV-vis spectra. Compound 2b shows fast response and high selectivity for biothiols (Cys, Hcy, and GSH) in aqueous PBS and is further employed to detect endogenous biothiols with decent biocompatibility as demonstrated by live cell fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
| | - Wenxia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
| | - Mengqi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
| | - Li Guan
- School of Science , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an 710055 , P.R. China
| | - Wenting Deng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
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6
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Meng X, He Y, Yu A. Cs2CO3 Promoted [3+4] Annulation of Sulfur Ylides and Alkenylthiazolones: Synthesis of 5,8-Dihydrooxepino[2,3-d]thiazole Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2018. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Konidaris KF, Pilati T, Terraneo G, Politzer P, Murray JS, Scilabra P, Resnati G. Cyanine dyes: synergistic action of hydrogen, halogen and chalcogen bonds allows discrete I42− anions in crystals. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00421h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Discrete tetraiodide dianions (I42−) are formed in crystals via halogen bond coordination of I2 by iodide anions which are pinned in their positions by a network of hydrogen bonds involving a benzoselenazole cyanine dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantis F. Konidaris
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab)
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20131 Milano
| | - Tullio Pilati
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab)
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20131 Milano
| | - Giancarlo Terraneo
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab)
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20131 Milano
| | - Peter Politzer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of New Orleans
- New Orleans
- USA
| | - Jane S. Murray
- Department of Chemistry
- University of New Orleans
- New Orleans
- USA
| | - Patrick Scilabra
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab)
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20131 Milano
| | - Giuseppe Resnati
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab)
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20131 Milano
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8
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Wang L, Yan M, Zhang B, Zhao J, Deng W, Lin W, Guan L. Approach to Introducing Substituent on the Dipole Conjugate Chain: The D−π–A Methine Chain Electrophilic Substitution. Org Lett 2017; 20:60-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Yan
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Borui Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Junlong Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Wenting Deng
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Wenxia Lin
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Li Guan
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
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9
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Yan M, Zhao J, Sun D, Sun W, Zhang B, Deng W, Zhang D, Wang L. Synthesis and effect on SMMC-7721 cells of new benzo[ c , d ]indole rhodanine complex merocyanines as PDT photosensitizers. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Pisal MM, Annadate RA, Athalye MC, Kumar D, Chavan SP, Sarkar D, Borate HB. Synthesis and cell imaging applications of fluorescent mono/di/tri-heterocyclyl-2,6-dicyanoanilines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:979-988. [PMID: 28073677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of 3,4,5-triheterocyclyl-2,6-dicyanoanilines, starting from heterocyclic aldehydes and 1,2-diheterocycle-substituted ethanones, is described. 2,6-Dicyanoanilines with one or two heterocyclic substituents have also been synthesized. It was found that some of these molecules have selective cell-staining properties useful for cell imaging applications. The compounds 1g, 10f and 11 were found to stain cytoplasm of the cells in contact but not the nucleus while the compound 12 showed affinity to apoptotic cells resulting in blue fluorescence. The cell imaging results with compound 12 were similar to Annexin V-FITC, a known reagent containing recombinant Annexin V conjugated to green-fluorescent FITC dye, used for detection of apoptotic cells. These compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic and have potential application as cell imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh M Pisal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Ritesh A Annadate
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Meghana C Athalye
- Combichem Bio-resource Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Subhash P Chavan
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Dhiman Sarkar
- Combichem Bio-resource Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Hanumant B Borate
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India.
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