1
|
Zhang YP, Du S, Ma Y, Zhan W, Chen W, Yang X, Zhang H. Structure-Unit-Based Total Synthesis of (-)-Sinulochmodin C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315481. [PMID: 38009457 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report a structure-unit-based asymmetric total synthesis of sinulochmodin C, a norcembranoid diterpenoid bearing a transannular strained ether bridge β-keto tetrahydrofuran moiety. Our synthetic route features an intramolecular double Michael addition to construct stereospecifically the [7,6,5,5] tetracyclic skeleton, a vinylogous hydroxylation/oxidation procedure or a stereospecific epoxide opening/oxidation sequence to establish the γ-keto enone intermediate, a Lewis acid/Brønsted acid mediated transannular oxa-Michael addition to fuse the β-keto tetrahydrofuran moiety, a Mukaiyama hydration/Pd-C hydrogenation to reverse the C1-configuration of the isopropenyl unit, and a bioinspired transformation of sinulochmodin C into scabrolide A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Shufei Du
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Weixin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei Y, Wang G, Zhang Z, Li M, Ma N, Wu H, Zhang G. Cope Rearrangement of 1-Acyl-2-vinylcyclopropanes to Cyclohept-4-Enones. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38166204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Cycloheptenones are widespread in natural products and bioactive molecules. An efficient and convenient NaH-mediated Cope Rearrangement of doubly activated vinylcyclopropanes is reported for the synthesis of cyclohepten-4-ones. These flexible intramolecular reactions were applicable to a wide range of substrates and could be performed on gram scale. The derivatization of the product leads to short and highly efficient synthesis of some useful functional molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinhe Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Nana Ma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gross B, Han SJ, Virgil SC, Stoltz BM. A Convergent Total Synthesis of (+)-Ineleganolide. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7763-7767. [PMID: 36989438 PMCID: PMC10544024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the total synthesis of the furanobutenolide-derived diterpenoid (+)-ineleganolide. The synthetic approach relies on a convergent strategy based on the coupling of two enantioenriched fragments, which are derived from (-)-linalool and (+)-norcarvone, respectively. A high-yielding, one-step Michael addition and aldol cascade furnishes a pentacyclic framework as a single diastereomer, thereby overcoming previous challenges in controlling stereochemistry. The endgame features an O2-facilitated C-H oxidation and a samarium diiodide-induced semipinacol rearrangement to furnish the highly rigid central seven-membered ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin
M. Gross
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, MC-101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Seo-Jung Han
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, MC-101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Chemical
and Biological Integrative Research Center, KIST and Division of Bio-Medical
Science & Technology, KIST-School, UST, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott C. Virgil
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, MC-101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, MC-101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang A, Pak G, Yu SY, Yang S, Kim J. Synthesis of (+)-Xylogiblactones B and C through a Kinetic Resolution of the Allenoate γ-Addition: Stereochemical Establishment. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2605-2611. [PMID: 36723434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Concise syntheses of naturally occurring γ-butenolides (+)-xylogiblactones B and C have been achieved for the first time starting from commercial methyl crotonate in 5-8 steps. The synthetic course involves allenoate γ-addition to racemic aldehydes through a kinetic resolution to establish the required stereochemical framework as center and axial chirality and subsequent oxacyclization via gold catalysis to complete the (+)-xylogiblactone skeleton. Both key transformations proceed in a regio- and stereospecific manner. This outcome relies on finding an efficient synthetic method for racemic aldehydes as precursors for the kinetic resolution. Completion of the synthesis provides stereochemical clarification for (+)-xylogiblactones B and C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Gyungah Pak
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Suh Young Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sehui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jimin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tuccinardi J, Wood JL. Total Syntheses of (+)-Ineleganolide and (-)-Sinulochmodin C. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20539-20547. [PMID: 36283051 PMCID: PMC9651135 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Described herein are the first total syntheses of the nor-furanocembranoid natural products (+)-ineleganolide (1) and (-)-sinulochmodin C (2). The synthetic strategy is predicated on a transannular Michael reaction that provides both natural products from a common macrocyclic intermediate and leverages a diastereoselective radical cyclization to furnish a key bicyclic lactone. The latter is further advanced to a macrocyclic precursor via a Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi cyclization and a one-pot furan oxidation/oxa-Michael cascade. Unexpected stereochemical nuances that guided the evolution and eventual completion of the total synthesis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph
P. Tuccinardi
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place 97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - John L. Wood
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place 97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Truax NJ, Ayinde S, Liu JO, Romo D. Total Synthesis of Rameswaralide Utilizing a Pharmacophore-Directed Retrosynthetic Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18575-18585. [PMID: 36166374 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A pharmacophore-directed retrosynthetic strategy was applied to the first total synthesis of the cembranoid rameswaralide in order to simultaneously achieve a total synthesis while also developing a structure-activity relationship profile throughout the synthetic effort. The synthesis utilized a Diels-Alder lactonization process, including a rare kinetic resolution to demonstrate the potential of this strategy for an enantioselective synthesis providing both the 5,5,6- and, through a ring expansion, 5,5,7-tricyclic ring systems present in several Sinularia soft coral cembranoids. A pivotal synthetic intermediate, a tricyclic epoxy α-bromo cycloheptenone, displayed high cytotoxicity with interesting selectivity toward the HCT-116 colon cancer cell line. This intermediate enabled the pursuit of three unique D-ring annulation strategies including a photocatalyzed intramolecular Giese-type radical cyclization and a diastereoselective, intramolecular enamine-mediated Michael addition, with the latter annulation constructing the final D-ring to deliver rameswaralide. The serendipitous discovery of an oxidation state transposition of the tricyclic epoxy cycloheptenone proceeding through a presumed doubly vinylogous, E1-type elimination enabled the facile introduction of the required α-methylene butyrolactone. Preliminary biological tests of rameswaralide and precursors demonstrated weak cytotoxicity; however, the comparable cytotoxicity of a simple 6,7-bicyclic β-keto ester, corresponding to the CD-ring system of rameswaralide, to that of the natural product itself suggests that such bicyclic β-ketoesters may constitute an interesting pharmacophore that warrants further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanyal J Truax
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, Texas 76710, United States
| | - Safiat Ayinde
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, Texas 76710, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Du Y, Yao L, Li X, Guo Y. Yonarolide A, an unprecedented furanobutenolide-containing norcembranoid derivative formed by photoinduced intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
![]()
The marine natural
product scabrolide A was obtained by isomerization
of the vinylogous 1,4-diketone entity of nominal scabrolide B as the
purported pivot point of the biosynthesis of these polycyclic norcembranoids.
Despite the success of this maneuver, the latter compound itself turned
out not to be identical with the natural product of that name. The
key steps en route to the carbocyclic core of these targets were a
[2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of an allylic sulfur ylide to forge
the overcrowded C12–C13 bond, an RCM reaction to close the
congested central six-membered ring, and a hydroxy-directed epoxidation/epoxide
opening/isomerization sequence to set the “umpoled”
1,4-dicarbonyl motif and the correct angular configuration at C12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanchao Meng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
We present a case study to demonstrate how complex molecule synthesis can benefit from quantum mechanics (QM) calculations. Theory is applied in two contexts: testing the chemical intuition used in retrosynthetic planning, along with expediting the resolution of unexpected challenges encountered during the course of the synthesis. From a computational lens, we examine retrospectively the strategies employed and the decisions made during our synthetic efforts toward the diterpenoid natural product ineleganolide. Seemingly logical and robust hypotheses are found to be ill-fated after theoretical investigation. Prior knowledge of these issues may have potentially saved valuable time and resources during our synthetic efforts. This cautionary tale suggests that synthetic campaigns can benefit from computational evaluation of synthetic plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Q Cusumano
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Biletskyi B, Colonna P, Masson K, Parrain JL, Commeiras L, Chouraqui G. Small rings in the bigger picture: ring expansion of three- and four-membered rings to access larger all-carbon cyclic systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7513-7538. [PMID: 34002179 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01396j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The release of the inherent ring strain of cyclobutane and cyclopropane derivatives allows a rapid build-up of molecular complexity. This review highlights the state-of-the-art of the ring expansions of three- and four-membered cycles and is organised by types of reactions with emphasis on the reaction mechanisms. Selected examples are discussed to illustrate the synthetic potential of this elegant synthetic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Biletskyi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Pierre Colonna
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Kévin Masson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Luc Parrain
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Laurent Commeiras
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Gaëlle Chouraqui
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pak G, Park E, Park S, Kim J. Synthesis of (+)-Hypoxylactone through Allenoate γ-Addition: Revision of Stereochemistry. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14246-14252. [PMID: 33113328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of (+)-hypoxylactone has been accomplished in four steps starting from the allenoate γ-addition of threo-3-chloro-2-silyoxybutanals, leading to the revision of stereochemistry. The key was the discovery of control elements required to matching/mismatching cases in the allenoate γ-addition to provide the desired adducts as a single isomer. The utility of the γ-adduct was demonstrated with the Au(I)-catalyzed cyclization to afford (+)-xylogiblactone A. Use of Ag2O was the key to epoxidation for preventing epimerization of the γ-lactone ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyungah Pak
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Euijin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Saehansaem Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Junk L, Kazmaier U. The Allylic Alkylation of Ketone Enolates. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:929-952. [PMID: 32953384 PMCID: PMC7482671 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation of non-stabilized ketone enolates was thought for a long time to be not as efficient as the analogous reactions of stabilized enolates, e. g. of malonates and β-ketoesters. The field has experienced a rapid development during the last two decades, with a range of new, highly efficient protocols evolved. In this review, the early developments as well as current methods and applications of palladium-catalyzed ketone enolate allylations will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Junk
- Organic Chemistry ISaarland UniversityCampus C4.266123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Organic Chemistry ISaarland UniversityCampus C4.266123SaarbrückenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cui WX, Yang M, Li H, Li SW, Yao LG, Li G, Tang W, Wang CH, Liang LF, Guo YW. Polycyclic furanobutenolide-derived norditerpenoids from the South China Sea soft corals Sinularia scabra and Sinularia polydactyla with immunosuppressive activity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103350. [PMID: 31640933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One new polycyclic furanobutenolide-derived norcembranoid, xiguscabrolide H (1), together with eleven known related norditerpenoids 2-12 were isolated from South China Sea soft corals Sinularia scabra and S. polydactyla, respectively. Among them, compounds 1, 6, 8, and 12 were discovered from the former species, while compounds 2-5, 7, and 9-11 were obtained from the latter species. The structure of new compound 1 was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and by the comparison with the reported data. With the assistance of time-dependent density functional theory electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT-ECD) calculations, its absolute configuration was determined. Moreover, the absolute stereostructures of the known compounds 3, 4, and 9-12, of which only relative configurations were assigned, were established for the first time by X-Ray diffraction analysis and TDDFT-ECD calculations, respectively. In bioassay, several isolates exhibited potent inhibitory effects on the ConA-induced T lymphocytes and/or LPS-induced B lymphocytes proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Xiang Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai 264003, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555, Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555, Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heng Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Song-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555, Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Gong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555, Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555, Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Tang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lin-Fu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555, Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555, Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|