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George N, Xiao J. Inhibiting sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase: From efficacy to mechanism. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106585. [PMID: 38955289 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) is a lipid metabolite regulating diverse biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, highlighting its physiological and therapeutic significance. Current S1P-based therapeutic approaches primarily focus on modulating the downstream signalling via targeting S1P receptors, however, this is challenged by incomplete receptor internalisation. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL) is a highly conserved enzyme that "gatekeeps" the final step of S1P degradation. Cognisant of the complex ligand and receptor interaction and dynamic metabolic networks, the selective modulation of SPL activity presents a new opportunity to regulate S1P biosynthesis and reveal its role in various systems. Over the past decade, an evolving effort has been made to identify new molecules that could block SPL activity in vitro or in vivo. This review focuses on summarising the current understanding of the reported SPL inhibitors identified through various screening approaches, discussing their efficacy in diverse model systems and the possible mechanism of action. Whilst effective modulation of S1P levels via inhibiting SPL is feasible, the specificity of those inhibitors remains inconclusive, presenting a clear challenge for future implications. Yet, none of the currently available SPL inhibitors is proven effective in elevating S1P levels within the central nervous system. This review article embraces future research focusing on investigating selective SPL inhibitors with high potency and possibly blood-brain-barrier permeability, which would aid the development of new S1P-based therapeutics for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson George
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.
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Rivero P, Ivanova V, Barril X, Casampere M, Casas J, Fabriàs G, Díaz Y, Matheu MI. Targeting dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (Des1): Syntheses of ceramide analogues with a rigid scaffold, inhibitory assays, and AlphaFold2-assisted structural insights reveal cyclopropenone PR280 as a potent inhibitor. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107233. [PMID: 38422591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (Des1) catalyzes the formation of a CC double bond in dihydroceramide to furnish ceramide. Inhibition of Des1 is related to cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death. The lack of the Des1 crystalline structure, as well as that of a close homologue, hampers the detailed understanding of its inhibition mechanism and difficults the design of new inhibitors, thus making Des1 a strategic target. Based on previous structure-activity studies, different ceramides containing rigid scaffolds were designed. The synthesis and evaluation of these compounds as Des1 inhibitors allowed the identification of PR280 as a better Des 1 inhibitor in vitro (IC50 = 700 nM) than GT11 and XM462, the current reference inhibitors. This cyclopropenone ceramide was obtained in a 6-step synthesis with a 24 % overall yield. The highly confident 3D structure of Des1, recently predicted by AlphaFold2, served as the basis for conducting docking studies of known Des1 inhibitors and the ceramide derivatives synthesized by us in this study. For this purpose, a complete holoprotein structure was previously constructed. This study has allowed a better knowledge of key ligand-enzyme interactions for Des1 inhibitory activity. Furthermore, it sheds some light on the inhibition mechanism of GT11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rivero
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, C/Marcel.lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Varbina Ivanova
- Universitat de Barcelona, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Xavier Barril
- Universitat de Barcelona, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Mireia Casampere
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Department of Biological Chemistry, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Department of Biological Chemistry, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabriàs
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Department of Biological Chemistry, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Yolanda Díaz
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, C/Marcel.lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - M Isabel Matheu
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, C/Marcel.lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
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Xiao J. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Lyase in the Developing and Injured Nervous System: a Dichotomy? Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6869-6882. [PMID: 37507574 PMCID: PMC10657793 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase (SPL) is the terminal enzyme that controls the degradation of the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) within an interconnected sphingolipid metabolic network. The unique metabolic position of SPL in maintaining S1P levels implies SPL could be an emerging new therapeutic target. Over the past decade, an evolving effort has been made to unravel the role of SPL in the nervous system; however, to what extent SPL influences the developing and mature nervous system through altering S1P biosynthesis remains opaque. While congenital SPL deletion is associated with deficits in the developing nervous system, the loss of SPL activity in adults appears to be neuroprotective in acquired neurological disorders. The controversial findings concerning SPL's role in the nervous system are further constrained by the current genetic and pharmacological tools. This review attempts to focus on the multi-faceted nature of SPL function in the mammalian nervous systems, implying its dichotomy in the developing and adult central nervous system (CNS). This article also highlights SPL is emerging as a therapeutic molecule that can be selectively targeted to modulate S1P for the treatment of acquired neurodegenerative diseases, raising new questions for future investigation. The development of cell-specific inducible conditional SPL mutants and selective pharmacological tools will allow the precise understanding of SPL's function in the adult CNS, which will aid the development of a new strategy focusing on S1P-based therapies for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Xiao
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC, 3022, Australia.
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Sauer M, Beemelmanns C. Application of pyrrolo-protected amino aldehydes in the stereoselective synthesis of anti-1,2-amino alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8990-8993. [PMID: 35861502 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02317b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the applicability of the 2,5-dimethylpyrrolo unit as a complementary N-protecting group in the highly diastereoselective synthesis of more than 20 different anti-amino alcohols (63-90% yields with up to 20 : 1 dr). Cleavage of the pyrrolo-N-protecting group was accomplished, e.g. in the presence of NH2OH under microwave conditions with yields exceeding 80%. The applicability of the protecting groups was further demonstrated by a short total synthesis of the sphinganine-like natural product clavaminol A. The introduction of the N-pyrrolo protecting group also offers the possibility to analyse product mixtures by NMR measurements due to the absence of conformational isomers, which are otherwise common for N-protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sauer
- Research group Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Research group Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany. .,Biochemistry of Microbial Metabolism, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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De la Garza-Rodea AS, Moore SA, Zamora-Pineda J, Hoffman EP, Mistry K, Kumar A, Strober JB, Zhao P, Suh JH, Saba JD. Sphingosine Phosphate Lyase Is Upregulated in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and Its Inhibition Early in Life Attenuates Inflammation and Dystrophy in Mdx Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7579. [PMID: 35886926 PMCID: PMC9316262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a congenital myopathy caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. DMD pathology is marked by myositis, muscle fiber degeneration, and eventual muscle replacement by fibrosis and adipose tissue. Satellite cells (SC) are muscle stem cells critical for muscle regeneration. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that promotes SC proliferation, regulates lymphocyte trafficking, and is irreversibly degraded by sphingosine phosphate lyase (SPL). Here, we show that SPL is virtually absent in normal human and murine skeletal muscle but highly expressed in inflammatory infiltrates and degenerating fibers of dystrophic DMD muscle. In mdx mice that model DMD, high SPL expression is correlated with dysregulated S1P metabolism. Perinatal delivery of the SPL inhibitor LX2931 to mdx mice augmented muscle S1P and SC numbers, reduced leukocytes in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle, and attenuated muscle inflammation and degeneration. The effect on SC was also observed in SCID/mdx mice that lack mature T and B lymphocytes. Transcriptional profiling in the skeletal muscles of LX2931-treated vs. control mdx mice demonstrated changes in innate and adaptive immune functions, plasma membrane interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), and axon guidance, a known function of SC. Our cumulative findings suggest that by raising muscle S1P and simultaneously disrupting the chemotactic gradient required for lymphocyte egress, SPL inhibition exerts a combination of muscle-intrinsic and systemic effects that are beneficial in the context of muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel S. De la Garza-Rodea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (A.S.D.l.G.-R.); (J.Z.-P.); (K.M.); (A.K.); (P.Z.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Steven A. Moore
- Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Jesus Zamora-Pineda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (A.S.D.l.G.-R.); (J.Z.-P.); (K.M.); (A.K.); (P.Z.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Eric P. Hoffman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University-State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA;
| | - Karishma Mistry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (A.S.D.l.G.-R.); (J.Z.-P.); (K.M.); (A.K.); (P.Z.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (A.S.D.l.G.-R.); (J.Z.-P.); (K.M.); (A.K.); (P.Z.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Jonathan B. Strober
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Piming Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (A.S.D.l.G.-R.); (J.Z.-P.); (K.M.); (A.K.); (P.Z.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Jung H. Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (A.S.D.l.G.-R.); (J.Z.-P.); (K.M.); (A.K.); (P.Z.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Julie D. Saba
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (A.S.D.l.G.-R.); (J.Z.-P.); (K.M.); (A.K.); (P.Z.); (J.H.S.)
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Druggable Sphingolipid Pathways: Experimental Models and Clinical Opportunities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:101-135. [PMID: 32894509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research in the field of sphingolipids has revealed diverse roles in cell biological responses and human health and disease. This immense molecular family is primarily represented by the bioactive molecules ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). The flux of sphingolipid metabolism at both the subcellular and extracellular levels provides multiple opportunities for pharmacological intervention. The caveat is that perturbation of any single node of this highly regulated flux may have effects that propagate throughout the metabolic network in a dramatic and sometimes unexpected manner. Beginning with S1P, the receptors for which have thus far been the most clinically tractable pharmacological targets, this review will describe recent advances in therapeutic modulators targeting sphingolipids, their chaperones, transporters, and metabolic enzymes.
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