1
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Severt T, Weckwerth E, Kaderiya B, Feizollah P, Jochim B, Borne K, Ziaee F, P KR, Carnes KD, Dantus M, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Wells E, Ben-Itzhak I. Initial-site characterization of hydrogen migration following strong-field double-ionization of ethanol. Nat Commun 2024; 15:74. [PMID: 38168047 PMCID: PMC10761976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An essential problem in photochemistry is understanding the coupling of electronic and nuclear dynamics in molecules, which manifests in processes such as hydrogen migration. Measurements of hydrogen migration in molecules that have more than two equivalent hydrogen sites, however, produce data that is difficult to compare with calculations because the initial hydrogen site is unknown. We demonstrate that coincidence ion-imaging measurements of a few deuterium-tagged isotopologues of ethanol can determine the contribution of each initial-site composition to hydrogen-rich fragments following strong-field double ionization. These site-specific probabilities produce benchmarks for calculations and answer outstanding questions about photofragmentation of ethanol dications; e.g., establishing that the central two hydrogen atoms are 15 times more likely to abstract the hydroxyl proton than a methyl-group proton to form H[Formula: see text] and that hydrogen scrambling, involving the exchange of hydrogen between different sites, is important in H2O+ formation. The technique extends to dynamic variables and could, in principle, be applied to larger non-cyclic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Severt
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Eleanor Weckwerth
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Balram Kaderiya
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Peyman Feizollah
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Bethany Jochim
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kurtis Borne
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Farzaneh Ziaee
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kanaka Raju P
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- School of Quantum Technology, DIAT (DU), Pune, Maharashtra, 411025, India
| | - Kevin D Carnes
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Marcos Dantus
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Artem Rudenko
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Eric Wells
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA.
| | - Itzik Ben-Itzhak
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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2
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Kwon S, Sandhu S, Shaik M, Stamm J, Sandhu J, Das R, Hetherington CV, Levine BG, Dantus M. What is the Mechanism of H 3+ Formation from Cyclopropane? J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8633-8638. [PMID: 37813385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
We examine the possibility that three hydrogen atoms in one plane of the cyclopropane dication come together in a concerted "ring-closing" mechanism to form H3+, a crucial cation in interstellar gas-phase chemistry. Ultrafast strong-field ionization followed by disruptive probing measurements indicates that the formation time of H3+ is 249 ± 16 fs. This time scale is not consistent with a concerted mechanism, but rather a process that is preceded by ring opening. Measurements on propene, an isomer of cyclopropane, reveal the H3+ formation time to be 225 ± 13 fs, a time scale similar to the H3+ formation time in cyclopropane. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and the fact that both dications share a common potential energy surface support the ring-opening mechanism. The reaction mechanism following double ionization of cyclopropane involves ring opening, then H-migration, and roaming of a neutral H2 molecule, which then abstracts a proton to form H3+. These results further our understanding of complex interstellar chemical reactions and gas-phase reaction dynamics relevant to electron ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Shawn Sandhu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Moaid Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jacob Stamm
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jesse Sandhu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rituparna Das
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Caitlin V Hetherington
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Benjamin G Levine
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Marcos Dantus
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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3
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Yang Y, Ren H, Zhang M, Zhou S, Mu X, Li X, Wang Z, Deng K, Li M, Ma P, Li Z, Hao X, Li W, Chen J, Wang C, Ding D. H 2 formation via non-Born-Oppenheimer hydrogen migration in photoionized ethane. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4951. [PMID: 37587115 PMCID: PMC10432507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutral H2 formation via intramolecular hydrogen migration in hydrocarbon molecules plays a vital role in many chemical and biological processes. Here, employing cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIMS) and pump-probe technique, we find that the non-adiabatic coupling between the ground and excited ionic states of ethane through conical intersection leads to a significantly high yield of neutral H2 fragment. Based on the analysis of fingerprints that are sensitive to orbital symmetry and electronic state energies in the photoelectron momentum distributions, we tag the initial electronic population of both the ground and excited ionic states and determine the branching ratios of H2 formation channel from those two states. Incorporating theoretical simulation, we established the timescale of the H2 formation to be ~1300 fs. We provide a comprehensive characterization of H2 formation in ionic states of ethane mediated by conical intersection and reveals the significance of non-adiabatic coupling dynamics in the intramolecular hydrogen migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhang Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Ren
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Shengpeng Zhou
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangxu Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokai Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Deng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Mingxuan Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Pan Ma
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, 226010, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaolei Hao
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Weidong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, and College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, 518118, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, and College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, 518118, Shenzhen, China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Chuncheng Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China.
| | - Dajun Ding
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China.
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4
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Bejoy NB, Singh RK, Singh NK, Pananghat B, Patwari GN. Dynamics of Hydrogen Bond Breaking Induced by Outer-Valence Intermolecular Coulombic Decay. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5718-5726. [PMID: 37318228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The photoexcitation of weakly bound complexes can lead to several decay pathways, depending on the nature of the potential energy surfaces. Upon excitation of a chromophore in a weakly bound complex, ionization of its neighbor upon energy transfer can occur due to a unique relaxation process known as intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD), a phenomenon of renewed focus owing to its relevance in biological systems. Herein, we report the evidence for outer-valence ICD induced by multiphoton excitation by near-ultraviolet radiation of 4.4 eV photons, hitherto unknown in molecular systems. In the binary complexes of 2,6-difluorophenylacetylene with aliphatic amines, a resonant two-photon excitation localized on the 2,6-difluorophenylacetylene chromophore results in the formation of an amine cation following an outer-valence ICD process. The unique trends in experimentally observed translational energy distribution profiles of the amine cations following hydrogen bond dissociation, analyzed with the help of electronic structure and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations, revealed the presence of a delicate interplay of roaming dynamics, methyl-rotor dynamics, and binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namitha Brijit Bejoy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Reman Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nitin K Singh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, S. A. S Nagar, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Balanarayan Pananghat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, S. A. S Nagar, Mohali 140306, India
| | - G Naresh Patwari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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5
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Wang E, Kling NG, LaForge AC, Obaid R, Pathak S, Bhattacharyya S, Meister S, Trost F, Lindenblatt H, Schoch P, Kübel M, Pfeifer T, Rudenko A, Díaz-Tendero S, Martín F, Moshammer R, Rolles D, Berrah N. Ultrafast Roaming Mechanisms in Ethanol Probed by Intense Extreme Ultraviolet Free-Electron Laser Radiation: Electron Transfer versus Proton Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4372-4380. [PMID: 37140167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast H2+ and H3+ formation from ethanol is studied using pump-probe spectroscopy with an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) free-electron laser. The first pulse creates a dication, triggering H2 roaming that leads to H2+ and H3+ formation, which is disruptively probed by a second pulse. At photon energies of 28 and 32 eV, the ratio of H2+ to H3+ increases with time delay, while it is flat at a photon energy of 70 eV. The delay-dependent effect is ascribed to a competition between electron and proton transfer. High-level quantum chemistry calculations show a flat potential energy surface for H2 formation, indicating that the intermediate state may have a long lifetime. The ab initio molecular dynamics simulation confirms that, in addition to the direct emission, a small portion of H2 undergoes a roaming mechanism that leads to two competing pathways: electron transfer from H2 to C2H4O2+ and proton transfer from C2H4O2+ to H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enliang Wang
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, United States
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nora G Kling
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3046, United States
| | - Aaron C LaForge
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3046, United States
| | - Razib Obaid
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3046, United States
| | - Shashank Pathak
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, United States
| | - Surjendu Bhattacharyya
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, United States
| | - Severin Meister
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Trost
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannes Lindenblatt
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrizia Schoch
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kübel
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfeifer
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Artem Rudenko
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, United States
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nano), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Moshammer
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, United States
| | - Nora Berrah
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3046, United States
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6
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Cheng C, Frasinski LJ, Moğol G, Allum F, Howard AJ, Rolles D, Bucksbaum PH, Brouard M, Forbes R, Weinacht T. Multiparticle Cumulant Mapping for Coulomb Explosion Imaging. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:093001. [PMID: 36930921 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.093001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We extend covariance velocity map ion imaging to four particles, establishing cumulant mapping and allowing for measurements that provide insights usually associated with coincidence detection, but at much higher count rates. Without correction, a fourfold covariance analysis is contaminated by the pairwise correlations of uncorrelated events, but we have addressed this with the calculation of a full cumulant, which subtracts pairwise correlations. We demonstrate the approach on the four-body breakup of formaldehyde following strong field multiple ionization in few-cycle laser pulses. We compare Coulomb explosion imaging for two different pulse durations (30 and 6 fs), highlighting the dynamics that can take place on ultrafast timescales. These results have important implications for Coulomb explosion imaging as a tool for studying ultrafast structural changes in molecules, a capability that is especially desirable for high-count-rate x-ray free-electron laser experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Cheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Leszek J Frasinski
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gönenç Moğol
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Felix Allum
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Andrew J Howard
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Philip H Bucksbaum
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Mark Brouard
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Weinacht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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7
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Gope K, Bittner DM, Strasser D. Sequential mechanism in H 3+ formation dynamics on the ethanol dication. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6979-6986. [PMID: 36804659 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03632k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Two- and three-body Coulomb explosion dynamics of isolated ethanol dications are studied via single-photon double-ionization with ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet pulses. The measured 3-body momentum correlations obtained via 3D coincidence imaging of the ionic products provide evidence for several concerted and sequential mechanisms: (1) a concerted 3-body breakup mechanism, with dominating channels such as CH3+ + COH+ + H2; (2) sequential dissociation in which the ejection of a low-kinetic-energy neutral OH precedes the Coulomb explosion of C2H52+ → CH3+ + CH2+; and (3) a sequential 3-body breakup mechanism that dominates H3+ formation from the ethanol dication via a mechanism that is different from the well-studied H3+ formation in the 2-body Coulomb explosion of the methanol dication. Furthermore, we report surprising branching ratios of the competing C-O bond dissociation channels, resulting in H3O+, H2O+ and OH+ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Gope
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Dror M Bittner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Daniel Strasser
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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8
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Gope K, Livshits E, Bittner DM, Baer R, Strasser D. An "inverse" harpoon mechanism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq8084. [PMID: 36170355 PMCID: PMC9519053 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Electron-transfer reactions are ubiquitous in chemistry and biology. The electrons' quantum nature allows their transfer across long distances. For example, in the well-known harpoon mechanism, electron transfer results in Coulombic attraction between initially neutral reactants, leading to a marked increase in the reaction rate. Here, we present a different mechanism in which electron transfer from a neutral reactant to a multiply charged cation results in strong repulsion that encodes the electron-transfer distance in the kinetic energy release. Three-dimensional coincidence imaging allows to identify such "inverse" harpoon products, predicted by nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations to occur between H2 and HCOH2+ following double ionization of isolated methanol molecules. These dynamics are experimentally initiated by single-photon double ionization with ultrafast extreme ultraviolet pulses, produced by high-order harmonic generation. A detailed comparison of measured and simulated data indicates that while the relative probability of long-range electron-transfer events is correctly predicted, theory overestimates the electron-transfer distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Gope
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ester Livshits
- Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics and the Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Dror M. Bittner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Roi Baer
- Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics and the Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Corresponding author. (R.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Daniel Strasser
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Corresponding author. (R.B.); (D.S.)
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9
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Shusterman JM, Gutsev GL, López Peña HA, Ramachandran BR, Tibbetts KM. Coulomb Explosion Dynamics of Multiply Charged para-Nitrotoluene Cations. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6617-6627. [PMID: 36126364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work explores Coulomb explosion (CE) dissociation pathways in multiply charged cations of para-nitrotoluene (PNT), a model compound for nitroaromatic energetic molecules. Experiments using strong-field ionization and mass spectrometry indicate that metastable cations PNT2+ and PNT3+ undergo CE to produce NO2+ and NO+. The experimentally measured kinetic energy release from CE upon formation of NO2+ and NO+ agrees qualitatively with the kinetic energy release predicted by computations of the reaction pathways in PNT2+ and PNT3+ using density functional theory (DFT). Both DFT computations and mass spectrometry identified additional products from CE of highly charged PNTq+ cations with q > 3. The dynamical timescales required for direct CE of PNT2+ and PNT3+ to produce NO2+ were estimated to be 200 and 90 fs, respectively, using ultrafast disruptive probing measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Shusterman
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Gennady L Gutsev
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Hugo A López Peña
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - B Ramu Ramachandran
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
| | - Katharine Moore Tibbetts
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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10
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Bittner D, Gope K, Livshits E, Baer R, Strasser D. Sequential and concerted C-C and C-O bond dissociation in the Coulomb explosion of 2-propanol. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:074309. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0098531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the competing mechanisms in the Coulomb explosion of 2-propanol dication, formed by an ultrafast EUV pulse. Over 20 product channels are identified and characterized using 3D coincidence imaging of the ionic fragments. The momentum correlations in the three-body fragmentation channels provide evidence for a dominant sequential mechanism, starting with cleavage of a C-C bond, ejecting and cations, followed by a secondary fragmentation of the hydroxyethyl cation that can be delayed for up to a microsecond after ionization. C-O bond dissociation channels are less frequent, involving proton-transfer and double-proton transfer, forming and products respectively and exhibiting mixed sequential and concerted character. These results can be explained by the high potential barrier for the C-O bond dissociation seen in our ab initio quantum chemical calculations. We also observe coincident COH+ + C2Hn+ ions, suggesting exotic structural rearrangements, starting from the Frank-Condon geometry of the neutral 2-propanol system. Remarkably, the relative yield of the product is suppressed compared with methanol and alkene dications. Ab initio potentials and ground-state molecular dynamics simulations show that a rapid and direct C-C bond cleavage dominates the Coulomb explosion process, leaving no time for roaming which is a necessary precursor to the formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Bittner
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Givat Ram Campus, Israel
| | | | - Ester Livshits
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Givat Ram Campus, Israel
| | - Roi Baer
- Department of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Givat Ram Campus, Israel
| | - Daniel Strasser
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Givat Ram Campus, Israel
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11
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Das R, Pandey DK, Soumyashree S, P M, Nimma V, Bhardwaj P, K M MS, Singh DK, Kushawaha RK. Strong-field ionization of CH 3Cl: proton migration and association. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18306-18320. [PMID: 35880610 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02494b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strong-field ionization of CH3Cl using femtosecond laser pulses, and the subsequent two-body dissociation of CH3Cl2+ along Hn+ (n = 1-3) and HCl+ forming pathways, have been experimentally studied in a home-built COLTRIMS (cold target recoil ion momentum spectrometer) setup. The single ionization rate of CH3Cl was obtained experimentally by varying the laser intensity from 1.6 × 1013 W cm-2 to 2.4 × 1014 W cm-2 and fitted with the rate obtained using the MO-ADK model. Additionally, the yield of Hn+ ions resulting from the dissociation of all charge states of CH3Cl was determined as a function of intensity and pulse duration (and chirp). Next, we identified four two-body breakup pathways of CH3Cl2+, which are H+ + CH2Cl+, H2+ + CHCl+, H3+ + CCl+, and CH2+ + HCl+, using photoion-photoion coincidence. The yields of the four pathways were found to decrease on increasing the intensity from I = 4.2 × 1013 W cm-2 to 2I = 8.5 × 1013 W cm-2, which was attributed to enhanced ionization of the dication before it can dissociate. As a function of pulse duration (and chirp), the Hn+ forming pathways were suppressed, while the HCl+ forming pathway was enhanced. To understand the excited state dynamics of the CH3Cl dication, which controls the outcome of dissociation, we obtained the total kinetic energy release distributions of the pathways and the two-dimensional coincidence momentum images and angular distributions of the fragments. We inferred that the Hn+ forming pathways originate from the dissociation of CH3Cl dications from weakly attractive metastable excited states having a long dissociation time, while for the HCl+ forming pathway, the dication dissociates from repulsive states and therefore, undergoes rapid dissociation. Finally, quantum chemical calculations have been performed to understand the intramolecular proton migration and dissociation of the CH3Cl dication along the pathways mentioned above. Our study explains the mechanism of Hn+ and HCl+ formation and confirms that intensity and pulse duration can serve as parameters to influence the excited state dynamics and hence, the outcome of the two-body dissociation of CH3Cl2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Das
- Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India.
| | - Deepak K Pandey
- Department of Basic Sciences, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research And Management, Ahmedabad-380026, India.
| | | | - Madhusudhan P
- Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India.
| | - Vinitha Nimma
- Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India.
| | - Pranav Bhardwaj
- Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India.
| | | | - Dheeraj K Singh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research And Management, Ahmedabad-380026, India.
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Hoshina K, Shirota T, Tsuge M. Two-Body Metastable Dissociation of n-Pentane and n-Hexane Triplet Dications in Intense Femtosecond-Laser Fields. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9508-9517. [PMID: 34694810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectra of n-pentane and n-hexane ionized through femtosecond-laser pulses were measured using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Fragment ions ejected with large kinetic energies were identified as side peaks in which a two-body dissociation pathway, C5H12++ → C2H5+ + C3H7+, was identified for n-pentane, and two for n-hexane, C6H14++ → C2H5+ + C4H9+ and C3H7+ + C3H7+, based on momentum matching of the fragments. The two-body dissociation pathways were observed when the polarization direction of the linearly polarized laser light was perpendicular to the molecular axis. However, when the polarization direction was parallel to the molecular axis or the laser light was circularly polarized, these signals were weak or difficult to identify. These results suggest that the two-body dissociation pathways are caused by nonsequential double ionization (NSDI), which begins with ionization from the π-type second highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO-1) via the laser electric field perpendicular to the molecular axis rather than bonding the σ-type HOMO. Quantum chemical calculations show that the dication has a triplet metastable state with the same formula as the neutral state (i.e., 3[CH3-(CH2)n-CH3]++). Therefore, the relevant two-body dissociation channels open through transition states with the (HOMO)1(HOMO-1)1 electron configuration and the estimated kinetic energy release values correlate with those observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennosuke Hoshina
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Science, 265-1, Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Shirota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Science, 265-1, Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Masashi Tsuge
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
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13
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Filming ultrafast roaming-mediated isomerization of bismuth triiodide in solution. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4732. [PMID: 34354075 PMCID: PMC8342516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Roaming reaction, defined as a reaction yielding products via reorientational motion in the long-range region (3 - 8 Å) of the potential, is a relatively recently proposed reaction pathway and is now regarded as a universal mechanism that can explain the unimolecular dissociation and isomerization of various molecules. The structural movements of the partially dissociated fragments originating from the frustrated bond fission at the onset of roaming, however, have been explored mostly via theoretical simulations and rarely observed experimentally. Here, we report an investigation of the structural dynamics during a roaming-mediated isomerization reaction of bismuth triiodide (BiI3) in acetonitrile solution using femtosecond time-resolved x-ray liquidography. Structural analysis of the data visualizes the atomic movements during the roaming-mediated isomerization process including the opening of the Bi-Ib-Ic angle and the closing of Ia-Bi-Ib-Ic dihedral angle, each by ~40°, as well as the shortening of the Ib···Ic distance, following the frustrated bond fission.
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14
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Das R, Pandey DK, Nimma V, P M, Bhardwaj P, Chandravanshi P, Shameem K M M, Singh DK, Kushawaha RK. Strong-field ionization of polyatomic molecules: ultrafast H atom migration and bond formation in the photodissociation of CH 3OH. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:432-450. [PMID: 33576353 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00129e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strong-field ionization induces various complex phenomena like bond breaking, intramolecular hydrogen migration, and bond association in polyatomic molecules. The H-atom migration and bond formation in CH3OH induced by intense femtosecond laser pulses are investigated using a Velocity Map Imaging (VMI) spectrometer. Various laser parameters like intensity (1.5 × 1013 W cm-2-12.5 × 1013 W cm-2), pulse duration (29 fs and 195 fs), wavelength (800 nm and 1300 nm), and polarization (linear and circular) can serve as a quantum control for hydrogen migration and the yield of Hn+ (n = 1-3) ions which have been observed in this study. Further, in order to understand the ejection mechanism of the hydrogen molecular ions H2+ and H3+ from singly-ionized CH3OH, quantum chemical calculations were employed. The dissociation processes of CH3OH+ occurring by four dissociative channels to form CHO+ + H3, H3+ + CHO, CH2+ + H2O, and H2O+ + CH2 are studied. Using the combined approach of experiments and theory, we have successfully explained the mechanism of intramolecular hydrogen migration and predicted the dissociative channels of singly-ionized CH3OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Das
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India. and Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Deepak K Pandey
- Department of Physics, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management, Ahmedabad, 380026, India
| | | | - Madhusudhan P
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India. and Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Pranav Bhardwaj
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India. and Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | | | | | - Dheeraj K Singh
- Department of Physics, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management, Ahmedabad, 380026, India
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15
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Wang Y, Wang E, Zhou J, Dorn A, Ren X. Formation of covalently bound C 4H 4 + upon electron-impact ionization of acetylene dimer. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:144301. [PMID: 33858144 DOI: 10.1063/5.0045531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the formation mechanisms of covalently bound C4H4 + cations from direct ionization of hydrogen bonded dimers of acetylene molecules through fragment ion and electron coincident momentum spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations. The measurements of momenta and energies of two outgoing electrons and one ion in triple-coincidence allow us to assign the ionization channels associated with different ionic fragments. The measured binding energy spectra show that the formation of C4H4 + can be attributed to the ionization of the outermost 1πu orbital of acetylene. The kinetic energy distributions of the ionic fragments indicate that the C4H4 + ions originate from direct ionization of acetylene dimers while ions resulting from the fragmentation of larger clusters would obtain significantly larger momenta. The formation of C4H4 + through the evaporation mechanism in larger clusters is not identified in the present experiments. The calculated potential energy curves show a potential well for the electronic ground state of (C2H2)2+, supporting that the ionization of (C2H2)2 dimers can form stable C2H2⋅C2H2 +(1πu -1) cations. Further transition state analysis and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal a detailed picture of the formation dynamics. After ionization of (C2H2)2, the system undergoes a significant rearrangement of the structure involving, in particular, C-C bond formation and hydrogen migrations, leading to different C44+ isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Enliang Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Alexander Dorn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xueguang Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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16
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Wang E, Ren X, Dorn A. Role of the Environment in Quenching the Production of H_{3}^{+} from Dicationic Clusters of Methanol. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:103402. [PMID: 33784146 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionization and subsequent isomerization of organic molecules has been suggested as an important source of trihydrogen H_{3}^{+} cations in outer space. The high interest in such reactions has initiated many experimental and theoretical studies for various molecules. Here, we report measurements as well as ab initio molecular dynamics simulations on the fragmentation of dicationic methanol monomers and clusters ionized by low-energy (90 eV) electrons. Experimentally, for dicationic monomers, a fragmentation channel for the formation of H_{3}^{+} in coincidence with a COH^{+} cation is observed. The simulations show that an intermediate neutral H_{2} is formed in the first step, and its roaming around the dication ends in the formation of H_{3}^{+}. The entire reaction takes about 100-500 fs. The calculated kinetic energy release for the H_{3}^{+}+COH^{+} ion pair is in excellent agreement with the experimental result. In contrast, for the dicationic clusters, due to the possibility of distributing the two charges onto different molecules, several fast dissociation channels occur and suppress the roaming of H_{2} and formation of H_{3}^{+}. The present Letter suggests that the quenching of H_{3}^{+} formation by the chemical environment is a general phenomenon in dicationic clusters of organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enliang Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xueguang Ren
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Alexander Dorn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Artemov VG, Ryzhov A, Carlsen E, Kapralov PO, Ouerdane H. Nonrotational Mechanism of Polarization in Alcohols. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11022-11029. [PMID: 33225700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemical polarity governs various mechanical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties of dielectrics. Polar liquids have been amply studied, yet the basic mechanisms underpinning their dielectric properties remain not fully understood, as standard models following Debye's phenomenological approach do not account for quantum effects and cannot aptly reproduce the full dc-up-to-THz spectral range. Here, using the illustrative case of monohydric alcohols, we show that deep tunneling and the consequent intermolecular separation of excess protons and "proton-holes" in the polar liquids govern their static and dynamic dielectric properties on the same footing. We performed systematic ultrabroadband (0-10 THz) spectroscopy experiments with monohydric alcohols of different (0.4-1.6 nm) molecular lengths and show that the finite lifetime of molecular species and the proton-hole correlation length are the two principle parameters responsible for the dielectric response of all the studied alcohols across the entire frequency range. Our results demonstrate that a quantum nonrotational intermolecular mechanism drives the polarization in alcohols while the rotational mechanism of molecular polarization plays a secondary role, manifesting itself in the sub-terahertz region only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily G Artemov
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Ryzhov
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Emma Carlsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, 84602 Provo, Utah, United States
| | | | - Henni Ouerdane
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
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18
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Zhang Y, Ren B, Yang CL, Wei L, Wang B, Han J, Yu W, Qi Y, Zou Y, Chen L, Wang E, Wei B. Formation of H 3+ from ethane dication induced by electron impact. Commun Chem 2020; 3:160. [PMID: 36703403 PMCID: PMC9814254 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen migration plays an important role in the chemistry of hydrocarbons which considerably influences their chemical functions. The migration of one or more hydrogen atoms occurring in hydrocarbon cations has an opportunity to produce the simplest polyatomic molecule, i.e. H3+. Here we present a combined experimental and theoretical study of H3+ formation dynamics from ethane dication. The experiment is performed by 300 eV electron impact ionization of ethane and a pronounced yield of H3+ + C2H3+ coincidence channel is observed. The quantum chemistry calculations show that the H3+ formation channel can be opened on the ground-state potential energy surface of ethane dication via transition state and roaming mechanisms. The ab initio molecular dynamics simulation shows that the H3+ can be generated in a wide time range from 70 to 500 fs. Qualitatively, the trajectories of the fast dissociation follow the intrinsic reaction coordinate predicted by the conventional transition state theory. The roaming mechanism, compared to the transition state, occurs within a much longer timescale accompanied by nuclear motion of larger amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Information Engineering, Jiaxing University, 314001, Jiaxing, China
| | - Baihui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Lu Yang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, 264025, Yantai, China
| | - Long Wei
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Han
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Wandong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueying Qi
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Information Engineering, Jiaxing University, 314001, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yaming Zou
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Enliang Wang
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Baoren Wei
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
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