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Reimann LK, Dalberto BT, Schneider PH, de Castro Silva Junior H, Rodembusch FS. Benzazole-Based ESIPT Fluorophores: Proton Transfer from the Chalcogen Perspective. A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03595-y. [PMID: 38507128 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present a comprehensive photophysical investigation of ESIPT-reactive benzazole derivatives in both solution and the solid state. These derivatives incorporate different chalcogen atoms (O, S, and Se) into their structures, and we explore how these variations impact their electronic properties in both ground and excited states. Changes in the UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectra were analyzed and correlated with the chalcogen atom and solvent polarity. In general, the spectral band of the benzazole derivative containing selenium was redshifted in both the ground and excited states compared to that of its oxygen and sulfur counterparts. Furthermore, we observed that the solvent played a distinctive role in influencing the ESIPT process within these compounds, underscoring once again the significant influence of the chalcogen atom on their photophysical behavior. Theoretical calculations provided a deeper understanding of the molecular dynamics, electronic structures, and photophysical properties of these compounds. These calculations highlighted the effect of chalcogen atoms on the molecular geometry, absorption and emission characteristics, and intramolecular hydrogen bonding, revealing intricate details of the ESIPT mechanism. The integration of experimental and computational data offers a detailed view of the structural and electronic factors governing the photophysical behavior of benzazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Kommers Reimann
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), PO Box 15003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, ZIP Code91501-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca Thaís Dalberto
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), PO Box 15003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, ZIP Code91501-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Schneider
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), PO Box 15003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, ZIP Code91501-970, Brazil
| | - Henrique de Castro Silva Junior
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), PO Box 15003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, ZIP Code91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano Severo Rodembusch
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), PO Box 15003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, ZIP Code91501-970, Brazil.
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Frizon TEA, Salla CAM, Grillo F, Rodembusch FS, Câmara VS, Silva HC, Zapp E, Junca E, Galetto FZ, de Costa AM, Pedroso GJ, Chepluki AA, Saba S, Rafique J. ESIPT-based benzazole-pyromellitic diimide derivatives. A thermal, electrochemical, and photochemical investigation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 288:122050. [PMID: 36495682 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis of new pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) derivatives obtained in good yields from the reaction between pyromellitic dianhydride and aminobenzazoles reactive to proton-transfer in the excited state (ESIPT). In this investigation, a non-ESIPT PMDI was also prepared for comparison. These compounds presented absorption maxima in the ultraviolet region attributed to the allowed 1π-π* electronic transitions. Redshifted absorptions were observed for the ESIPT compounds (3b-3c) due to their π-extended conjugation if compared to the non-ESIPT dye (3a). The compounds presented fluorescence emissions between 300 and 600 nm, dependent on the solvent polarity and their chemical structures. While compound 3a presents a single emission, a dual fluorescence could be observed for compounds 3b-3c. As expected for ESIPT compounds, the emission at higher energies could be related to the excited enol conformer (E*), and the emission with a large Stokes shift was attributed to the keto tautomer (K*). All compounds presented fluorescence emission in the solid state, whereas the ESIPT derivatives presented redshifted emissions with a large Stokes shift, as expected. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to investigate the electrochemical properties of these compounds. The HOMO and LUMO energy levels were estimated at -5.40 to -5.00 eV and -2.84 to -2.62 eV, and good thermal stability (Td > 150 °C) was observed. Quantum chemical calculationsusingTD-DFT and DFT were performed to investigate the electronic and photophysical features of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago E A Frizon
- Department of Energy and Sustainability, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, Brazil.
| | - Cristian A M Salla
- Physics Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Grillo
- Department of Materials and Metallurgy, Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Fabiano S Rodembusch
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Viktor S Câmara
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique C Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Zapp
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Junca
- University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fábio Z Galetto
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Angélica M de Costa
- Department of Energy and Sustainability, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela J Pedroso
- Department of Energy and Sustainability, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, Brazil
| | - Antonio A Chepluki
- Department of Energy and Sustainability, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, Brazil
| | - Sumbal Saba
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Filho MS, Moraes ES, da Luz LC, da Silveira Santos F, Martin AR, Benhida R, Duarte LGTA, Rodembusch FS. Synthesis, photophysics, and theoretical calculations of styryl-based fluorophores harboring substituted benzothiazole acceptors. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dias GG, O Rodrigues M, Paz ERS, P Nunes M, Araujo MH, Rodembusch FS, da Silva Júnior EN. Aryl-Phenanthro[9,10- d]imidazole: A Versatile Scaffold for the Design of Optical-Based Sensors. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2865-2919. [PMID: 36250642 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent and colorimetric sensors are important tools for investigating the chemical compositions of different matrices, including foods, environmental samples, and water. The high sensitivity, low interference, and low detection limits of these sensors have inspired scientists to investigate this class of sensing molecules for ion and molecule detection. Several examples of fluorescent and colorimetric sensors have been described in the literature; this Review focuses particularly on phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazoles. Different strategies have been developed for obtaining phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazoles, which enable modification of their optical properties upon interaction with specific analytes. These sensing responses usually involve changes in the fluorescence intensity and/or color arising from processes like photoinduced electron transfer, intramolecular charge transfer, intramolecular proton transfer in the excited state, and Förster resonance energy transfer. In this Review, we categorized these sensors into two different groups: those bearing formyl groups and their derivatives and those based on other molecular groups. The different optical responses of phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole-based sensors upon interaction with specific analytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleiston G Dias
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG. Brazil
| | - Marieli O Rodrigues
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS. Brazil
| | - Esther R S Paz
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG. Brazil
| | - Mateus P Nunes
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG. Brazil
| | - Maria H Araujo
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG. Brazil
| | - Fabiano S Rodembusch
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS. Brazil
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG. Brazil
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Palta A, Kumar G, Luxami V. Excited state double proton transfer efficient probe: Theoretical investigation and sensing ability towards Pb2+ and Al3+ ions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Interaction Study between ESIPT Fluorescent Lipophile-Based Benzazoles and BSA. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216728. [PMID: 34771137 PMCID: PMC8586955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the interactions of ESIPT fluorescent lipophile-based benzazoles with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied and their binding affinity was evaluated. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution these compounds produce absorption maxima in the UV region and a main fluorescence emission with a large Stokes shift in the blue–green regions due to a proton transfer process in the excited state. The interactions of the benzazoles with BSA were studied using UV-Vis absorption and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. The observed spectral quenching of BSA indicates that these compounds could bind to BSA through a strong binding affinity afforded by a static quenching mechanism (Kq~1012 L·mol−1·s−1). The docking simulations indicate that compounds 13 and 16 bind closely to Trp134 in domain I, adopting similar binding poses and interactions. On the other hand, compounds 12, 14, 15, and 17 were bound between domains I and III and did not directly interact with Trp134.
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Yang Y, Luo X, Ma F, Li Y. Substituent effect on ESIPT mechanisms and photophysical properties of HBT derivatives. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 250:119375. [PMID: 33421666 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Substituent effects on excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and photophysical properties of 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) benzothiazole (HBT) derivatives have been theoretically unveiled via the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT). The optimized geometrical configurations and normal mode analyses confirm that the proton transfer processes are more reactive in excited state. Through calculating the activation energies and rate constants of ESIPT processes, finding that the processes are increasingly inactive when substituent group changes from -CN, -CO2Me, -Cl, -Me, -NMe2 to -NO2. In addition, the photophysical properties analyses indicate the vertical transition energies are in good agreement with those observed in experiment. Note that all the absorption and emission maxima of enol and keto forms have the significant red-shift. In order to clarify the substituent effect on ESIPT and photophysical properties, we draw the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) isosurfaces and calculate the distances of electrons and holes and atomic charges. It follows that the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) degrees are increasingly enlarged as substituting from -CN, -CO2Me, -Cl, -Me, -NMe2 to -NO2 groups, which not only causes the red-shift of absorption and emission of enol and keto forms, but also affects the charge distribution of proton donor and acceptor, inhibiting the occurrence of ESIPT processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China; School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China.
| | - Xiao Luo
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Fengcai Ma
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Yongqing Li
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China.
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Cordeiro Dantas WF, Duarte LGTA, Rodembusch FS, Poppi RJ, Zambon Atvars TD. Evaluation of the acidic strengths on electronic ground and excited states of proton transfer dye using Excitation-Emission fluorescence matrix (EEM) and Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS). Methods Appl Fluoresc 2020; 8:045006. [PMID: 33021214 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/abafc4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) was for the first time successfully used to evaluate an intricate photophysical behavior, where deprotonation on the electronic ground state (S0), intra and intermolecular proton transfer processes (ESPT and ESIPT) on the electronic excited state (S1) can simultaneously be presented. In this sense, the organic dye 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (HBT) was used as a proof-of-concept model, where MCR-ALS showed to be a powerful tool for discriminate chemical reactions that occur concomitantly on different potential energy surfaces, which include photochemical reactions. As a result, the chemometric method showed to be a straightforward approach for the determination of the acidic strengths of those equilibria were estimated as 8.61 and 1.11 to hydroxyl deprotonation on electronic ground and excited states, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luís Gustavo Teixeira Alves Duarte
- Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Grupo de Pesquisa em Fotoquímica Orgânica Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Instituto de Química, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500. CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Severo Rodembusch
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fotoquímica Orgânica Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Instituto de Química, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500. CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
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