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Xie L, Guo R, Yang L, Ozaki Y, Noda I, Xu Y, Huang K. A new approach to recognizing the correct pattern of cross-peaks from a noisy 2D asynchronous spectrum by detecting intrinsic symmetry via the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12863-12871. [PMID: 37165857 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05350k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic cluster pattern of cross-peaks in a 2D asynchronous spectrum provides an effective way to reveal the specific physicochemical nature of subtle spectral changes caused by intermolecular interactions. However, the inevitable presence of noise in the 1D spectra used to construct a 2D asynchronous spectrum is significantly amplified, which poses a serious challenge in identifying the correct cluster pattern of the cross-peaks. While mirror symmetry occurs in some types of cross-peaks, it does not occur in other types. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test provides a statistical means to check whether the mirror symmetry exists or not between a pair of cross-peaks covered by heavy noise. Thus, different types of cross-peak clusters can be distinguished by excavating intrinsic spectral features from the noisy 2D asynchronous spectrum. The effectiveness of this approach in investigating the nature of intermolecular interactions was showcased in both a simulated model system and a real artemisinin/N-methyl pyrrolidone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchen Xie
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ran Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Beijing CKC, PerkinElmer Inc., Beijing 100015, P. R. China
| | - Limin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan
| | - Isao Noda
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Yizhuang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Kun Huang
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Sakai T, Torii H. Substituent Effect and Its Halogen-Atom Dependence of Halogen Bonding Viewed through Electron Density Changes. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201196. [PMID: 36545823 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating how the halogen-bonding ability and strength are controlled by the substituent effect and how this control depends on halogen atom will be essential for finely-tuned design of functionally important molecules. Here, this problem is tackled by analyzing the electron density differences/changes for variously substituted halobenzenes. It is shown that the anisotropy of the electron distribution around the halogen atom, which is an important factor for halogen-bonding ability, is not much affected by the substituent effect and rather simply depends on the halogen atom, while the partial charge on the halogen atom, which is related to the bond dipole of the C-X bond, is significantly modulated by the substituent effect and gives rise to enhancement of the electrostatic potential on the line extended from the C-X bond. The properties related to the polarization effect are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Sakai
- Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course Department of Engineering Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Hajime Torii
- Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course Department of Engineering Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology and Department of Optoelectronics and Nanostructure Science Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
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Torii H, Kimura A, Sakai T. Nature of hydrogen-bond-enhanced halogen bonding viewed through electron density changes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17951-17955. [PMID: 35861167 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02845j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanism of how we can achieve fine tuning of intermolecular interaction strength will be helpful for designing functionally important molecules. In the present study, a theoretical analysis is conducted, by examining the electron density changes, for two halogen-bonding iodinated systems whose halogen-bond strengths have been considered to be enhanced by the presence of a hydrogen-bond donating group (termed hydrogen-bond-enhanced halogen bonding). It is shown that, contrary to the expectation obtained from the enhancement of electrostatic potential along the line extended from the C-I bond, the anisotropy of electron distribution on the iodine atom remains nearly the same. This means that the hydrogen bond and halogen bond contribute almost independently and additively to the enhancement of electrostatic potential, indicating the nature of this enhancement and, in a more general sense, the relationship between the strength and the extent of directionality of halogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Torii
- Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan. .,Department of Optoelectronics and Nanostructure Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Akari Kimura
- Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.
| | - Takanori Sakai
- Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.
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Perkins MA, Tschumper GS. Characterization of Competing Halogen- and Hydrogen-Bonding Motifs in Simple Mixed Dimers of HCN and HX (X = F, Cl, Br, and I). J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3688-3695. [PMID: 35652358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work performs the first systematic comparison of hydrogen- and halogen-bonded configurations of the HCN/HX mixed dimer, where X = F, Cl, Br, and I. Eleven different minima have been characterized for these four heterogeneous dimers near the CCSD(T) complete basis set (CBS) limit. For each complex, two different hydrogen-bonded minima were identified: the global minimum where HX acts as the hydrogen bond donor and a local minimum where HX acts as the hydrogen bond acceptor. A halogen-bonded local minimum was also identified for all but the fluorine mixed dimer. To the best of our knowledge, three of the minima are identified here for the first time. The hydrogen- and halogen-bonded local minima of each complex become more energetically competitive with the global minimum as the atomic radius of the halogen atom increases. CCSD(T) relative energies of the hydrogen-bonded local minima computed near the CBS limit decrease from 4.5 kcal mol-1 for HCN/HF to 2.9, 2.4, and 1.2 kcal mol-1 for X = Cl, Br, and I, respectively. Corresponding relative energies for the halogen-bonded local minima range from 4.0 kcal mol-1 for X = Cl to 2.7 kcal mol-1 for X = Br and to as little as 0.5 kcal mol-1 X = I. Harmonic vibrational frequency shifts reported here suggest that it may be feasible to differentiate between the various minima for X = Cl, Br, and I via spectroscopic analysis, as was the case for the HCN/HF dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Perkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Gregory S Tschumper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
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Torii H. Singular value decomposition analysis of the electron density changes occurring upon electrostatic polarization of water. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2564-2573. [PMID: 35425301 PMCID: PMC8979083 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06649h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In-depth elucidation of how molecules are electrically polarized would be one key factor for understanding the properties of those molecules under various thermodynamic and/or spatial conditions. Here this problem is tackled for the case of hydrogen-bonded water by conducting singular value decomposition of the electron density changes that occur upon electrostatic polarization. It is shown that all those electron density changes are approximately described as linear combinations of ten orthonormal basis “vectors”. One main component is the interatomic charge transfer through each OH bond, while some others are characterized as the atomic dipolar polarizations, meaning that both of these components are important for the electrostatic polarization of water. The interaction parameters that reasonably well reproduce the induced dipole moments are derived, which indicate the extent of mixing of the two components in electrostatic polarization. The main features of the electron density changes that occur upon electrostatic polarization of water are elucidated by conducting singular value decomposition analysis of those changes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Torii
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku Hamamatsu 432-8561 Japan +81-53-478-1624 +81-53-478-1624.,Department of Optoelectronics and Nanostructure Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku Hamamatsu 432-8561 Japan
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