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Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Domínguez-Gasca N, Athanasiadou D, Le Roy N, González-Segura A, Reznikov N, Hincke MT, McKee MD, Checa AG, Nys Y, Gautron J. Guinea fowl eggshell structural analysis at different scales reveals how organic matrix induces microstructural shifts that enhance its mechanical properties. Acta Biomater 2024; 178:244-256. [PMID: 38460930 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Guinea fowl eggshells have an unusual structural arrangement that is different from that of most birds, consisting of two distinct layers with different microstructures. This bilayered organization, and distinct microstructural characteristics, provides it with exceptional mechanical properties. The inner layer, constituting about one third of the eggshell thickness, contains columnar calcite crystal units arranged vertically as in most bird shells. However, the thicker outer layer has a more complex microstructural arrangement formed by a switch to smaller calcite domains with diffuse/interlocking boundaries, partly resembling the interfaces seen in mollusk shell nacre. The switching process that leads to this remarkable second-layer microstructure is unknown. Our results indicate that the microstructural switching is triggered by changes in the inter- and intracrystalline organic matrix. During production of the outer microcrystalline layer in the later stages of eggshell formation, the interactions of organic matter with mineral induce an accumulation of defects that increase crystal mosaicity, instill anisotropic lattice distortions in the calcite structure, interrupt epitaxial growth, reduce crystallite size, and induce nucleation events which increase crystal misorientation. These structural changes, together with the transition between the layers and each layer having different microstructures, enhance the overall mechanical strength of the Guinea fowl eggshell. Additionally, our findings provide new insights into how biogenic calcite growth may be regulated to impart unique functional properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Avian eggshells are mineralized to protect the embryo and to provide calcium for embryonic chick skeletal development. Their thickness, structure and mechanical properties have evolved to resist external forces throughout brooding, yet ultimately allow them to crack open during chick hatching. One particular eggshell, that of the Guinea fowl, has structural features very different from other galliform birds - it is bilayered, with an inner columnar mineral structure (like in most birds), but it also has an outer layer with a complex microstructure which contributes to its superior mechanical properties. This work provides novel and new fundamental information about the processes and mechanisms that control and change crystal growth during the switch to microcrystalline domains when the second outer layer forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Rodríguez-Navarro
- Departmento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - N Domínguez-Gasca
- Departmento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - D Athanasiadou
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - N Le Roy
- INRAE, UMR BOA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - A González-Segura
- Centro de Instrumentación Científica, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - N Reznikov
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - M T Hincke
- Departments of Innovation in Medical Education, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - M D McKee
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - A G Checa
- Departmento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, and Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18071 Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Y Nys
- INRAE, UMR BOA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - J Gautron
- INRAE, UMR BOA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly F-37380, France
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Gerber D, Wilen LA, Dufresne ER, Style RW. Polycrystallinity Enhances Stress Buildup around Ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:208201. [PMID: 38039453 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.208201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Damage caused by freezing wet, porous materials is a widespread problem but is hard to predict or control. Here, we show that polycrystallinity significantly speeds up the stress buildup process that underpins this damage. Unfrozen water in grain-boundary grooves feeds ice growth at temperatures below the freezing temperature, leading to fast stress buildup. These stresses can build up to levels that can easily break many brittle materials. The dynamics of the process are very variable, which we ascribe to local differences in ice-grain orientation and to the surprising mobility of many grooves-which further accelerates stress buildup. Our Letter will help understand how freezing damage occurs and in developing accurate models and effective damage-mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Gerber
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence A Wilen
- Center for Engineering Innovation and Design, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Eric R Dufresne
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert W Style
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Stress accumulation by confined ice in a temperature gradient. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200748119. [PMID: 35905317 PMCID: PMC9351533 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200748119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
When materials freeze, they often undergo damage due to ice growth. Although this damage is commonly ascribed to the volumetric expansion of water upon freezing, it is usually driven by the flow of water toward growing ice crystals that feeds their growth. The freezing of this additional water can cause a large buildup of stress. Here, we demonstrate a technique for characterizing this stress buildup with unprecedented spatial resolution. We create a stable ice-water interface in a controlled temperature gradient and measure the deformation of the confining boundary. Analysis of the deformation field reveals stresses applied to the boundary with [Formula: see text](micrometers) spatial resolution. Globally, stresses increase steadily over time as liquid water is transported to more deeply undercooled regions. Locally, stresses increase until ice growth is stalled by the confining stresses. Importantly, we find a strong localization of stresses, which significantly increases the likelihood of damage caused by the presence of ice, even in apparently benign freezing situations. Ultimately, the limiting stress that the ice exerts is proportional to the local undercooling, in accordance with the Clapeyron equation, which describes the equilibrium between a stressed solid and its melt. Our results are closely connected to the condensation pressure during liquid-liquid phase separation and the crystallization pressure for growing crystals. Thus, they are highly relevant in fields ranging from cryopreservation and frost heave to food science, rock weathering, and art conservation.
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You J, Wang Z, Worster MG. Thermal regelation of single particles and particle clusters in ice. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1779-1787. [PMID: 33393958 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01547d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the migration by thermal regelation of single particles and clusters of particles surrounded by ice subjected to a temperature gradient. This phenomenon is relevant to the casting of porous materials, to cryopreservation of biological tissue, and to the degradation of paleoclimatic signals held in ice sheets, for example. Using carefully controlled laboratory experiments, we measure the migration rates of single particles and clusters as they approach the freezing front. We find that clusters migrate at a constant rate, while single particles accelerate towards the freezing front. This fundamental difference is attributed to the fact that, during regelation, melt water passes through the interstices of a cluster, limited by its constant permeability, but for a single particle must flow through a thin layer of pre-melted ice whose thickness diverges as the freezing temperature is approached, reducing the viscous resistance to migration. We extend existing theories of particle and cluster migration to include the influences of different thermal conductivities and of latent heat on the local temperature field in and around the particle or cluster. We find that if the specific latent heat is large or the viscous resistance to flow is sufficiently small then the migration rate is determined solely by heat transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxue You
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Zhijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - M Grae Worster
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK.
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Rosowski KA, Vidal-Henriquez E, Zwicker D, Style RW, Dufresne ER. Elastic stresses reverse Ostwald ripening. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5892-5897. [PMID: 32519711 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00628a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
When liquid droplets nucleate and grow in a polymer network, compressive stresses can significantly increase their internal pressure, reaching values that far exceed the Laplace pressure. When droplets have grown in a polymer network with a stiffness gradient, droplets in relatively stiff regions of the network tend to dissolve, favoring growth of droplets in softer regions. Here, we show that this elastic ripening can be strong enough to reverse the direction of Ostwald ripening: large droplets can shrink to feed the growth of smaller ones. To numerically model these experiments, we generalize the theory of elastic ripening to account for gradients in solubility alongside gradients in mechanical stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Zwicker
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert W Style
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Eric R Dufresne
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Marath NK, Wettlaufer JS. Hydrodynamic interactions and the diffusivity of spheroidal particles. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:024107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5096764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Navaneeth K. Marath
- Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - John S. Wettlaufer
- Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Wettlaufer JS. Surface phase transitions in ice: from fundamental interactions to applications. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180261. [PMID: 30982455 PMCID: PMC6501919 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces divide all phases of matter and yet in most practical settings it is tempting to ignore their energies and the associated implications. There are many reasons for this, not the least of which is the introduction of a new pair of canonically conjugate variables-interfacial energy and its counterpart the surface area. A key set of questions surrounding the treatment of multiphase flows concerns how and when we must account for such effects. I begin this discussion with an abbreviated review of the basic theory of lower-dimensional phase transitions and describe a range of situations in which the bulk behaviour of a two-phase (and in some cases two-component) system is dominated by surface effects. Then I discuss a number of settings in which the bulk and surface behaviour can interact on equal footing. These can include the dynamic and thermodynamic behaviour of floating sea ice, the freezing and drying of colloidal suspensions (such as soil) and the mechanisms of protoplanetesimal formation by inter-particle collisions in accretion discs. This article is part of the theme issue 'The physics and chemistry of ice: scaffolding across scales, from the viability of life to the formation of planets'.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Wettlaufer
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Schoeppler V, Gránásy L, Reich E, Poulsen N, de Kloe R, Cook P, Rack A, Pusztai T, Zlotnikov I. Biomineralization as a Paradigm of Directional Solidification: A Physical Model for Molluscan Shell Ultrastructural Morphogenesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1803855. [PMID: 30239045 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Molluscan shells are a model system to understand the fundamental principles of mineral formation by living organisms. The diversity of unconventional mineral morphologies and 3D mineral-organic architectures that comprise these tissues, in combination with their exceptional mechanical efficiency, offers a unique platform to study the formation-structure-function relationship in a biomineralized system. However, so far, morphogenesis of these ultrastructures is poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive physical model, based on the concept of directional solidification, is developed to describe molluscan shell biomineralization. The capacity of the model to define the forces and thermodynamic constraints that guide the morphogenesis of the entire shell construct-the prismatic and nacreous ultrastructures and their transitions-and govern the evolution of the constituent mineralized assemblies on the ultrastructural and nanostructural levels is demonstrated using the shell of the bivalve Unio pictorum. Thereby, explicit tools for novel bioinspired and biomimetic bottom-up materials design are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schoeppler
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - László Gránásy
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Elke Reich
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Nicole Poulsen
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | | | - Phil Cook
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, 38043, France
| | - Alexander Rack
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, 38043, France
| | - Tamás Pusztai
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Igor Zlotnikov
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
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9
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In situ observation of the unstable lens growth in freezing colloidal suspensions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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11
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Wang L, Wang Z. Reconsidering the Clapeyron equation in the freezing of colloidal suspensions: From macroscale to the microscale. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2017; 40:113. [PMID: 29255973 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2017-11601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A long controversy of ice lensing exists in the research of frost heave. By elucidating the mechanical and thermodynamic equilibria at the interface, the thermodynamics of the water/ice interface is revealed from macroscale to microscale for the freezing of colloidal suspensions. The application of the Clapeyron equation is confirmed both at macroscale to microscale via curvature effect. The origin of ice lensing/banding can be initialized from the growth of pore ice in the interpretation of thermodynamics at the interface, even without the traditional mechanical analyses. It is also proposed that the packing status of the porous structure in the particle layer ahead of the water/ice interface determines the ice lensing behaviors. The results presented here show different scenarios compared with previous theoretical investigations of frost heave, and may shed light on the researches of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, 710048, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, China.
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12
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Deville S. Understanding the Freezing of Colloidal Suspensions: Crystal Growth and Particle Redistribution. ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND PROCESSES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50515-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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