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Sarkar B, Das K, Saha T, Prasad E, Gardas RL. Insights into the Formations of Host-Guest Complexes Based on the Benzimidazolium Based Ionic Liquids-β-Cyclodextrin Systems. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 2:3-15. [PMID: 36855576 PMCID: PMC9718304 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion complexation is one of the best strategies for developing a controlled release of a toxic drug without unexpected side effects from the very beginning of the administration to the target site. In this study, three benzimidazolium based ionic liquids (ILs) having bromide anion and cation bearing long alkyl chains, hexyl- ([C6CFBim]Br), octyl- ([C8CFBim]Br), and decyl- ([C10CFBim]Br) were designed and synthesized as antibacterial drugs. Inclusion complexes (ICs) of studied ILs have been prepared by the combination of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), considering these conjugations should enhance the benignity of ILs and make them potential candidates for the controlled drug release. Characterizations and structural analysis of studied ICs have been performed by 1H NMR, 2D-ROESY NMR, FT-IR, HRMS, TGA, DSC, surface tension, ionic conductivity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Further, the morphology of the ICs has been analyzed by SEM and TEM. Furthermore, neat ILs and ICs have been treated against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to investigate their antibacterial activity, which confirms the prevention of bacterium growth and the shrinkage of the bacterial cell wall. The findings of this work provide the proof of concept that studied benzimidazolium based ILs-β-CD host-guest complexes should act as a potential candidate in controlled drug delivery and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Sarkar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Koyeli Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tilak Saha
- Laboratory
of Immunology, Department of Zoology, University
of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Edamana Prasad
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
- (EP)
| | - Ramesh L. Gardas
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
- (RLG)
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2
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Obaid A, Mohd Jamil AK, Saharin SM, Mohamad S. L-cysteine capped silver nanoparticles as chiral recognition sensor for ketoprofen enantiomers. Chirality 2021; 33:810-823. [PMID: 34486177 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A simple, inexpensive but effective approach for visual chiral recognition of ketoprofen enantiomers was developed using L-cysteine capped silver nanoparticles (L-Cys-AgNPs) as a colorimetric sensor. Upon the addition of R-ketoprofen to L-Cys-AgNPs, rapid aggregation occurred, and the solution changed color from yellow to green. However, the presence of S-ketoprofen did not induce any color change. The results were characterized using UV-Vis, FESEM, FT-IR, SERS, and zeta potential measurements. The chiral assay described in this work is easily distinguished with the naked eyes or using a UV-Vis spectrometer. The sensor revealed a good linear response to ketoprofen enantiomers in the concentration range of 8.33-33.3 μM with a detection limit of 4.52 μM and relative standard deviation of 3.73%. The proposed method was utilized for the determination of ketoprofen racemic mixtures in water samples and commercial tablets. The method excels by its simplicity, low cost, and good availability of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Obaid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Siti Munirah Saharin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Mohamad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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3
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Mazurek AH, Szeleszczuk Ł, Gubica T. Application of Molecular Dynamics Simulations in the Analysis of Cyclodextrin Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9422. [PMID: 34502331 PMCID: PMC8431145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are highly respected for their ability to form inclusion complexes via host-guest noncovalent interactions and, thus, ensofance other molecular properties. Various molecular modeling methods have found their applications in the analysis of those complexes. However, as showed in this review, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations could provide the information unobtainable by any other means. It is therefore not surprising that published works on MD simulations used in this field have rapidly increased since the early 2010s. This review provides an overview of the successful applications of MD simulations in the studies on CD complexes. Information that is crucial for MD simulations, such as application of force fields, the length of the simulation, or solvent treatment method, are thoroughly discussed. Therefore, this work can serve as a guide to properly set up such calculations and analyze their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Helena Mazurek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Gubica
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
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4
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Betlejewska-Kielak K, Bednarek E, Budzianowski A, Michalska K, Maurin JK. Comprehensive Characterisation of the Ketoprofen-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Using X-ray Techniques and NMR Spectroscopy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134089. [PMID: 34279429 PMCID: PMC8271474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Racemic ketoprofen (KP) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) powder samples from co-precipitation (1), evaporation (2), and heating-under-reflux (3) were analysed using X-ray techniques and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. On the basis of NMR studies carried out in an aqueous solution, it was found that in the samples obtained by methods 1 and 2, there were large excesses of β-CD in relation to KP, 10 and 75 times, respectively, while the sample obtained by method 3 contained equimolar amounts of β-CD and KP. NMR results indicated that KP/β-CD inclusion complexes were formed and the estimated binding constants were approximately 2400 M-1, showing that KP is quite strongly associated with β-CD. On the other hand, the X-ray single-crystal technique in the solid state revealed that the (S)-KP/β-CD inclusion complex with a stoichiometry of 2:2 was obtained as a result of heating-under-reflux, for which the crystal and molecular structure were examined. Among the methods used for the preparation of the KP/β-CD complex, only method 3 is suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elżbieta Bednarek
- Falsified Medicines and Medical Devices Department, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (J.K.M.)
| | | | - Katarzyna Michalska
- Department of Synthetic Drugs, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(22)-841-18-88 (ext. 369)
| | - Jan K. Maurin
- Falsified Medicines and Medical Devices Department, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (J.K.M.)
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, A. Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Poland;
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5
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Erdős M, Frangou M, Vlugt TJH, Moultos OA. Diffusivity of α-, β-, γ-cyclodextrin and the inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin: Ibuprofen in aqueous solutions; A molecular dynamics simulation study. FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA 2021; 528:112842. [PMID: 33024350 PMCID: PMC7529625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fluid.2020.112842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are widely used in drug delivery, catalysis, food and separation processes. In this work, a comprehensive simulation study on the diffusion of the native α-, β- and γ-CDs in aqueous solutions is carried out using Molecular Dynamics simulations. The effect of the system size on the computed self-diffusivity is investigated and it is found that the required correction can be as much as 75% of the final value. The effect of the water force field is examined and it is shown that the q4md-CD/TIP4P/2005 force field combination predicts the experimentally measured self-diffusion coefficients of CDs very accurately. The self-diffusion coefficients of the three native CDs were also computed in aqueous-NaCl solutions using the Joung and Cheatham (JC) and the Madrid-2019 force fields. It is found that Na+ ions have higher affinity towards the CDs when the JC force field is used and for this reason the predicted diffusivity of CDs is lower compared to simulations using the Madrid-2019 force field. As a model system for drug delivery and waste-water treatment applications, the diffusion of the β-CD:Ibuprofen inclusion complex in water is studied. In agreement with experiments for similar components, it is shown that the inclusion complex and the free β-CD have almost equal self-diffusion coefficients. Our analysis revealed that this is most likely caused by the almost full inclusion of the ibuprofen in the cavity of the β-CD. Our findings show that Molecular Dynamics simulation can be used to provide reasonable diffusivity predictions, and to obtain molecular-level understanding useful for industrial applications of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Erdős
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, Delft 2628CB, The Netherlands
| | - Michalis Frangou
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, Delft 2628CB, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs J H Vlugt
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, Delft 2628CB, The Netherlands
| | - Othonas A Moultos
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, Delft 2628CB, The Netherlands
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6
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Obaid A, Jamil AKM, Prabu S, Saharin SM, Mohamad S. Spectroscopic studies for the inclusion complexation of ketoprofen enantiomers with β-cyclodextrin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 241:118674. [PMID: 32652287 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion complexes of R-ketoprofen and S-ketoprofen enantiomers with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in aqueous solution were studied using various spectroscopic techniques such as Raman, FTIR, UV and fluorescence. The different relative intensities and characteristic band shifts of the two enantiomers from Raman spectra suggests different interaction when complexed with β-CD. Raman experiments revealed a noticeable diminishing of the CC vibration and ring deformation, which indicate the embedding of ketoprofen inside the β-CD cavity. It's revealed that distinct differences between R- and S-ketoprofen in the presence of β-CD at neutral pH. The stoichiometry ratio and binding constant of the inclusion complexes were calculated using Benesi-Hildebrand plot. Both enantiomers showed stoichiometry ratio of 1:1 inclusion complex with β-CD. The binding constant of R-ketoprofen (4088 M-1) is higher than S-ketoprofen (2547 M-1). These values indicated that β-CD formed inclusion complexes more preferentially with R-ketoprofen than S-ketoprofen. Results demonstrated that β-CD can be used as a promising chiral selector for ketoprofen enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Obaid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Samikannu Prabu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Siti Munirah Saharin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Mohamad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Centre for Ionic Liquids, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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7
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On the conformational search of a βCD dendritic derivative: NMR and theoretical calculations working together reveal a donut-like amphiphilic structure. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Erdős M, Hartkamp R, Vlugt TJH, Moultos OA. Inclusion Complexation of Organic Micropollutants with β-Cyclodextrin. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1218-1228. [PMID: 31976678 PMCID: PMC7037149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Recently, β-cyclodextrin
(βCD)-based polymers with
enhanced adsorption kinetics and high removal capacity of organic
micropollutants (OMPs) and uptake rates have been synthesized and
tested experimentally. Although the exact physical–chemical
mechanisms via which these polymers capture the various types of OMPs
are not yet fully understood, it is suggested that the inclusion complex
formation of OMPs with βCD is very important. In this study,
the inclusion complex formation of OMPs with βCD in an aqueous
solution is investigated by using the well-established attach–pull–release
method in force field-based molecular dynamics simulations. A representative
set of OMPs is selected based on the measured occurrences in surface
and ground waters and the directives published by the European Union.
To characterize the formation of the inclusion complex, the binding
free energies, enthalpies, and entropies are computed and compared
to experimental values. It is shown that computations using the q4md-CD/GAFF/Bind3P
force field combination yield binding free energies that are in reasonable
agreement with the experimental results for all OMPs studied. The
binding enthalpies are decomposed into the main contributing interaction
types. It is shown that, for all studied OMPs, the van der Waals interactions
are favorable for the inclusion complexion and the hydrogen bond formation
of the guest with the solvent and βCD plays a crucial role in
the binding mechanism. Our findings show that MD simulations can adequately
describe the inclusion complex formation of βCD with OMPs, which
is the first step toward understanding the underlying mechanisms via
which the βCD-based polymers capture OMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Erdős
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39 , 2628CB Delft , Netherlands
| | - Remco Hartkamp
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39 , 2628CB Delft , Netherlands
| | - Thijs J H Vlugt
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39 , 2628CB Delft , Netherlands
| | - Othonas A Moultos
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39 , 2628CB Delft , Netherlands
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9
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Mateo D, Santiago‐Portillo A, Albero J, Navalón S, Alvaro M, García H. Long‐Term Photostability in Terephthalate Metal–Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17843-17848. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mateo
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPVUniversitat Politècnica de València Av. De los Naranjos s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Andrea Santiago‐Portillo
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Josep Albero
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPVUniversitat Politècnica de València Av. De los Naranjos s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Sergio Navalón
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Mercedes Alvaro
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPVUniversitat Politècnica de València Av. De los Naranjos s/n 46022 València Spain
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Development of Starch-Based Antifungal Coatings by Incorporation of Natamycin/Methyl- β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex for Postharvest Treatments on Cherry Tomato against Botrytis cinerea. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213962. [PMID: 31683794 PMCID: PMC6864615 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of natamycin as a natural fungicide in edible coatings is challenging because of its low aqueous solubility. In this study, the natamycin/methyl-β-cyclodextrin (N/ME-β-CD) inclusion complex was fabricated and incorporated into waxy corn starch-based coatings for postharvest treatments. The phase solubility of natamycin in the presence of ME-β-CD at 293.2 K, 303.2 K, and 313.2 K is determined and used to calculate the process thermodynamic parameters. The N/ME-β-CD inclusion complex was confirmed and characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results indicated that the inclusion complex was formed and the hydrophobic part (C16-C26) of natamycin might be partially inserted into the cavity of ME-β-CD form the wide rim. The effects of N/ME-β-CD incorporated starch-based coatings (N/ME-β-CD S coatings) on postharvest treatments of cherry tomatoes were evaluated in vivo. The N/ME-β-CD S coatings could reduce weight loss, delay fruit ripening, and inhibit fruit decay caused by Botrytis cinerea in tomato fruit during storage.
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Mateo D, Santiago‐Portillo A, Albero J, Navalón S, Alvaro M, García H. Long‐Term Photostability in Terephthalate Metal–Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mateo
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPVUniversitat Politècnica de València Av. De los Naranjos s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Andrea Santiago‐Portillo
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Josep Albero
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPVUniversitat Politècnica de València Av. De los Naranjos s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Sergio Navalón
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Mercedes Alvaro
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 València Spain
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPVUniversitat Politècnica de València Av. De los Naranjos s/n 46022 València Spain
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Investigation of indole chalcones encapsulation in β-cyclodextrin: determination of stoichiometry, binding constants and thermodynamic parameters. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-018-0782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Gebhardt J, Kleist C, Jakobtorweihen S, Hansen N. Validation and Comparison of Force Fields for Native Cyclodextrins in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1608-1626. [PMID: 29287148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of native α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin in aqueous solution have been conducted with the goal to investigate the performance of the CHARMM36 force field, the AMBER-compatible q4md-CD force field, and five variants of the GROMOS force field. The properties analyzed are structural parameters derived from X-ray diffraction and NMR experiments as well as hydrogen bonds and hydration patterns, including hydration free enthalpies. Recent revisions of the torsional-angle parameters for carbohydrate systems within the GROMOS family of force fields lead to a significant improvement of the agreement between simulated and experimental NMR data. Therefore, we recommend using the variant 53A6GLYC instead of 53A6 and 56A6CARBO_R or 2016H66 instead of 56A6CARBO to simulate cyclodextrins in solution. The CHARMM36 and q4md-CD force fields show a similar performance as the three recommended GROMOS parameter sets. A significant difference is the more flexible nature of the cyclodextrins modeled with the CHARMM36 and q4md-CD force fields compared to the three recommended GROMOS parameter sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gebhardt
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart , D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Catharina Kleist
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology , D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Jakobtorweihen
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology , D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niels Hansen
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart , D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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