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Modhave D, Barrios B, Iyer J, Paudel A. Influence of Crystal Disorder on the Forced Oxidative Degradation of Vortioxetine HBr. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 25:10. [PMID: 38158448 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the impact of the solid-state disorder of vortioxetine hydrobromide (HBr) on oxidative degradation under accelerated conditions. A range of solid-state disorders was generated via cryogenic ball milling. The solid-state properties were evaluated by calorimetry, infrared-, and Raman spectroscopies. While salt disproportionation occurred upon milling, no chemical degradation occurred by milling. The amorphous fraction remained physically intact under ambient storage conditions. Subsequently, samples with representative disordered fractions were mixed with a solid oxidative stressor (PVP-H2O2 complex) and were compressed to compacts. The compacts were exposed to 40°C/75% RH for up to 6 h. The sample was periodically withdrawn and analyzed for the physical transformations and degradation. Two oxidative degradation products (DPs) were found to be formed, for which dissimilar relations to the degree of disorder and kinetics of formation were observed. The degradation rate of the major DP formation obtained by fitting the exponential model to the experimental data was found to increase up to a certain degree of disorder and decrease with a further increase in the disordered fraction. In contrast, the minor DP formation kinetics was found to increase monotonically with the increase in the disorder content. For the similar crystallinity level, the degradation trend (rate and extent) differed between the single-phase disorder generated by milling and physically mixed two-phase systems. Overall, the study demonstrates the importance of evaluating the physical and chemical (in)stabilities of the disordered solid state of a salt form of a drug substance, generated through mechano-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray Modhave
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Brenda Barrios
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jayant Iyer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
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2
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Iyer J, Brunsteiner M, Modhave D, Paudel A. Role of Crystal Disorder and Mechanoactivation in Solid-State Stability of Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1539-1565. [PMID: 36842482 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Common energy-intensive processes applied in oral solid dosage development, such as milling, sieving, blending, compaction, etc. generate particles with surface and bulk crystal disorder. An intriguing aspect of the generated crystal disorder is its evolution and repercussion on the physical- and chemical stabilities of drugs. In this review, we firstly examine the existing literature on crystal disorder and its implications on solid-state stability of pharmaceuticals. Secondly, we discuss the key aspects related to the generation and evolution of crystal disorder, dynamics of the disordered/amorphous phase, analytical techniques to measure/quantify them, and approaches to model the disordering propensity from first principles. The main objective of this compilation is to provide special impetus to predict or model the chemical degradation(s) resulting from processing-induced manifestation in bulk solid manufacturing. Finally, a generic workflow is proposed that can be useful to investigate the relevance of crystal disorder on the degradation of pharmaceuticals during stability studies. The present review will cater to the requirements for developing physically- and chemically stable drugs, thereby enabling early and rational decision-making during candidate screening and in assessing degradation risks associated with formulations and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Iyer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria
| | | | - Dattatray Modhave
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz Austria.
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3
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Lucas P, Takeda W, Pries J, Benke-Jacob J, Wuttig M. Fast crystallization below the glass transition temperature in hyperquenched systems. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:054502. [PMID: 36754790 DOI: 10.1063/5.0136306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many phase change materials (PCMs) are found to crystallize without exhibiting a glass transition endotherm upon reheating. In this paper, we review experimental evidence revealing that these PCMs and likely other hyperquenched molecular and metallic systems can crystallize from the glassy state when reheated at a standard rate. Among these evidences, PCMs annealed below the glass transition temperature Tg exhibit slower crystallization kinetics despite an increase in the number of sub-critical nuclei that should promote the crystallization speed. Flash calorimetry uncovers the glass transition endotherm hidden by crystallization and reveals a distinct change in kinetics when crystallization switches from the glassy to the supercooled liquid state. The resulting Tg value also rationalizes the presence of the pre-Tg relaxation exotherm ubiquitous of hyperquenched systems. Finally, the shift in crystallization temperature during annealing exhibits a non-exponential decay that is characteristic of structural relaxation in the glass. Modeling using a modified Turnbull equation for nucleation rate supports the existence of sub-Tg fast crystallization and emphasizes the benefit of a fragile-to-strong transition for PCM applications due to a reduction in crystallization at low temperature (improved data retention) and increasing its speed at high temperature (faster computing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lucas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85712, USA
| | - Wataru Takeda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85712, USA
| | - Julian Pries
- Institute of Physics IA, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Benke-Jacob
- Institute of Physics IA, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics IA, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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4
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Lapuk SE, Mukhametzyanov TA, Schick C, Gerasimov AV. Crystallization kinetics and glass-forming ability of rapidly crystallizing drugs studied by Fast Scanning Calorimetry. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120427. [PMID: 33662469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of the amorphous forms of drugs is a modern approach for the enhancement of bioavailability. At the same time, the high cooling rate needed to obtain the metastable amorphous state often prevents its investigation using conventional laboratory methods such as differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffractometry. One of the ways to overcome this problem may be the application of Fast Scanning Calorimetry. This method allows direct determination of the critical cooling rate of the melt and kinetic parameters of the crystallization for bad glass formers. In the present work, the amorphous states of dopamine hydrochloride and atenolol were created using Fast Scanning Calorimetry for the first time. Critical cooling rates and glass transition temperatures of these drugs were determined. Based on the values of the kinetic fragility parameter, dopamine hydrochloride glass can be considered strong, while atenolol glass is moderately strong. Both model-based and model-free approaches were employed to determine the kinetic parameters of cold crystallization of dopamine and atenolol. The results were compared with the data from isothermal crystallization experiments. The Nakamura crystallization model provides the best description of the crystallization process and can be used to predict the long term stability of the amorphous forms of the drugs. The presented approaches may find applications in predicting the storage time and choosing the optimal storage conditions of the amorphous drugs prone to crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Lapuk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan, Russia
| | - T A Mukhametzyanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan, Russia
| | - C Schick
- Department of Physical Chemistry, A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan, Russia
| | - A V Gerasimov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan, Russia.
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5
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Ngono F, Cuello GJ, Jiménez-Ruiz M, Willart JF, Guerain M, Wildes AR, Stunault A, Hamoudi-Ben Yelles CM, Affouard F. Morphological and Structural Properties of Amorphous Lactulose Studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Polarized Neutron Scattering, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:10-20. [PMID: 31710493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and structural properties of amorphous disaccharide lactulose (C12H22O11), obtained by four different amorphization methods (milling, quenching of the melt form, spray-drying, and freeze-drying), are investigated by scanning electron microscopy, polarized neutron scattering, and molecular dynamics simulations. While major differences on the morphology of the different amorphous samples are revealed by scanning electron microscopy images, only subtle structural differences have been found by polarized neutron scattering. Microstructure of the milled sample appears slightly different from the other amorphized materials with the presence of remaining crystalline germs which are not detected by X-ray diffraction. Quantitative phase analysis shows that these remaining crystallites are present in a ratio between 1 and 4%, and their size remains between 20 and 30 nm despite a long milling time of about 8 h. The impact of the change in tautomeric concentrations on the physical properties of lactulose in the amorphous state has been investigated from molecular dynamics simulations. It is suggested that chemical differences between lactulose tautomers could be at the origin of small structural differences detected by polarized neutron scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Ngono
- Universite de Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France.,Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs, CS 20156 , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Gabriel J Cuello
- Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs, CS 20156 , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Monica Jiménez-Ruiz
- Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs, CS 20156 , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Jean-Francois Willart
- Universite de Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Mathieu Guerain
- Universite de Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Andrew R Wildes
- Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs, CS 20156 , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Anne Stunault
- Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs, CS 20156 , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | | | - Frederic Affouard
- Universite de Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
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6
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Zanolla D, Perissutti B, Vioglio PC, Chierotti MR, Gigli L, Demitri N, Passerini N, Albertini B, Franceschinis E, Keiser J, Voinovich D. Exploring mechanochemical parameters using a DoE approach: Crystal structure solution from synchrotron XRPD and characterization of a new praziquantel polymorph. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 140:105084. [PMID: 31626966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A rotated Doehlert matrix was utilized to explore the experimental design space around the milling parameters of Praziquantel (PZQ) polymorph B formation in terms of frequency and milling time. Three experimental responses were evaluated on the resulting ground samples: two quantitative responses, i.e. median particle size by Laser Light scattering (LLS) and drug recovery by HPLC, and one qualitative dependent variable, i.e. the obtained PZQ crystalline form, characterized through X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and confirmed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Temperature inside the jars was kept under constant control during the milling process by using temperature sensor equipped jars (thermojars), thus allowing evaluation of the obtained solid states at each experimental point, considering the specific temperature of the process. This explorative analysis led to the finding of a novel PZQ polymorph, named "Form C", produced without degradation, then fully characterized, including by means of Synchrotron XRPD, Polarimetric, FT-IR, SS-NMR, ESEM and saturation solubility. Crystal structure was solved from XRPD data and its geometry was optimized by DFT calculations (CASTEP). Finally, Form C and Form A activity against adult schistosoma mansoni were compared through in vitro testing, and Form C's physical stability checked. The new polymorph, crystallizing in space group I2/c, physically stable for approximately 2 months, showed a m.p. of 106.84 °C and displayed excellent biopharmaceutical properties (water solubility of 382.69±9.26 mg/l), while preserving excellent activity levels against adult schistosoma mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Zanolla
- University of Trieste, Dept. of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.le Europa 1, Trieste, Italy
| | - Beatrice Perissutti
- University of Trieste, Dept. of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.le Europa 1, Trieste, Italy.
| | | | - Michele R Chierotti
- University of Torino, Dept. of Chemistry and NIS Centre, V. Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
| | - Lara Gigli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza-Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza-Trieste, Italy
| | - Nadia Passerini
- University of Bologna Dept. of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, Via S. Donato 19/2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Albertini
- University of Bologna Dept. of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, Via S. Donato 19/2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erica Franceschinis
- University of Padova Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Helminth Drug Development Unit, Dept. Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Basel, Switzerland; Universität Basel, Petersplatz 1, P.O. Box, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dario Voinovich
- University of Trieste, Dept. of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.le Europa 1, Trieste, Italy
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Dudognon E, Bama JA, Affouard F. Molecular Mobility of Terfenadine: Investigation by Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4711-4724. [PMID: 31589458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mobility of an amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredient, terfenadine, was carefully investigated by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation for the first time. Comprehensive characterization on a wide frequency (10-2 to 109 Hz) and temperature (300 K) range highlights the fragile nature of this good glass-former (m = 112) and the relatively large nonexponentiality of the main relaxation (βKWW = 0.53 ± 0.01). In the glassy state, a particularly broad secondary relaxation of intramolecular origin is evidenced. Terfenadine is a flexible molecule, and from molecular dynamics simulation, a clear link is established between the flexibility of the central part of the molecule (carrying, on the one side, the nitrogen group, and on the other side, the OH group) and the distribution of dipole moments, which explains that broadness. Terfenadine is one of the very few cases for which the molecular mobility of the glass obtained by the quench of the melt or by milling can be compared. From the present study, no major difference in terms of molecular mobility is found between these two glasses. However, terfenadine amorphized by milling (for 1-20 h) clearly shows a lower stability than the quenched liquid as we observed its recrystallization upon heating. Interestingly, it is shown that this recrystallization upon heating is not complete and that the 1-2% of the remaining amorphous phase has an original behavior. Indeed, it exhibits an enhanced main mobility induced by an autoconfinement effect created by the surrounding crystalline phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Dudognon
- Univ. Lille , CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux Et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Jeanne-Annick Bama
- Univ. Lille , CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux Et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Frédéric Affouard
- Univ. Lille , CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux Et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
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8
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Impact of chirality on the Glass Forming Ability and the crystallization from the amorphous state of 5-ethyl-5-methylhydantoin, a chiral poor glass former. Int J Pharm 2018; 540:11-21. [PMID: 29407191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the glassy state of 5-ethyl-5-methylhydantoin (i.e. 12H, a chiral Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) was attempted by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fast Scanning Calorimetry (FSC). This compound exhibits a high crystallization propensity for every enantiomeric composition. Nevertheless, glassy states of pure enantiomer or mixtures between enantiomers were successfully reached by FSC at cooling rates of: 1000 °C/s and 300 °C/s respectively, even though limitations on the sampling reproducibility were evidenced due to FSC sample size. The Glass Forming Ability (GFA) was proven to increase with the counter-enantiomer content. From the glassy state, pure enantiomer displayed a more pronounced crystallogenic character (with a crystallization occurring 36 °C below Tg during ageing) than that of the mixture between enantiomers. Ageing of amorphous 12H promotes a strong nucleation behavior in both samples but enantiopure 12H crystallizes upon ageing while scalemic 12H evolves towards the metastable equilibrium. Finally, potential new phase equilibria (previously not reported) in the enantiomeric phase diagram could have been highlighted by FSC by recrystallization from the amorphous state.
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9
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Schammé B, Couvrat N, Tognetti V, Delbreilh L, Dupray V, Dargent É, Coquerel G. Investigation of Drug-Excipient Interactions in Biclotymol Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1112-1125. [PMID: 29328661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of low molecular weight excipients on drug-excipient interactions, molecular mobility, and propensity to recrystallization of an amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredient is investigated. Two structurally related excipients (α-pentaacetylglucose and β-pentaacetylglucose), five different drug:excipient ratios (1:5, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 5:1, w/w), and three different solid state characterization tools (differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy) were selected for the present research. Our investigation has shown that the excipient concentration and its molecular structure reveal quasi-identical molecular dynamic behavior of solid dispersions above and below the glass transition temperature. Across to complementary quantum mechanical simulations, we point out a clear indication of a strong interaction between biclotymol and the acetylated saccharides. Moreover, the thermodynamic study on these amorphous solid dispersions highlighted a stabilizing effect of α-pentaacetylglucose regardless of its quantity while an excessive concentration of β-pentaacetylglucose revealed a poor crystallization inhibition. Finally, through long-term stability studies, we also showed the limiting excipient concentration needed to stabilize our amorphous API. Herewith, the developed procedure in this paper appears to be a promising tool for solid-state characterization of complex pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schammé
- Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives, UNIROUEN , Normandie Université , 76000 Rouen , France.,Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, CNRS, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN , Normandie Université , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Nicolas Couvrat
- Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives, UNIROUEN , Normandie Université , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Vincent Tognetti
- COBRA UMR 6014, CNRS, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN , Normandie Université , 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan , France
| | - Laurent Delbreilh
- Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, CNRS, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN , Normandie Université , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Valérie Dupray
- Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives, UNIROUEN , Normandie Université , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Éric Dargent
- Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, CNRS, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN , Normandie Université , 76000 Rouen , France
| | - Gérard Coquerel
- Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives, UNIROUEN , Normandie Université , 76000 Rouen , France
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10
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Vitrification of two active pharmaceutical ingredients by fast scanning calorimetry: From structural relaxation to nucleation phenomena. Int J Pharm 2018; 536:426-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Viel Q, Delbreilh L, Coquerel G, Petit S, Dargent E. Molecular Mobility of an Amorphous Chiral Pharmaceutical Compound: Impact of Chirality and Chemical Purity. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7729-7740. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Viel
- INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, and ‡Sciences et
Méthodes Séparatives, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Delbreilh
- INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, and ‡Sciences et
Méthodes Séparatives, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Gérard Coquerel
- INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, and ‡Sciences et
Méthodes Séparatives, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Samuel Petit
- INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, and ‡Sciences et
Méthodes Séparatives, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Eric Dargent
- INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, and ‡Sciences et
Méthodes Séparatives, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
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