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Muth M, Wolfram A, Kataev E, Köbl J, Steinrück HP, Lytken O. Accurate Determination of Adsorption-Energy Differences of Metalloporphyrins on Rutile TiO 2(110) 1 × 1. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8643-8650. [PMID: 35793163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the adsorption of organic molecules on surfaces is of essential importance for many applications. Adsorption energies are typically measured using temperature-programmed desorption. However, for large organic molecules, often only desorption of the multilayers is possible, while the bottom monolayer in direct contact to the surface cannot be desorbed without decomposition. Nevertheless, the adsorption energies of these directly adsorbed molecules are the ones of the most interest. We use a layer-exchange process investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to compare the relative adsorption energies of several metalated tetraphenylporphyrins on rutile TiO2(110) 1 × 1. We deposit a mixture of two different molecules, one on top of the other, and slowly anneal above their multilayer desorption temperature. During the slow heating, the molecules begin to diffuse between the layers and the molecules with the stronger interaction with the surface displace the weaker-interacting molecules from the surface and push them into the multilayer. The multilayers eventually desorb, leaving behind a monolayer of strongly interacting molecules. From the ratio of the two different porphyrin molecules in the residual monolayer and the desorbed multilayer, we can calculate the equilibrium constant of the layer-exchange process and thereby the difference in adsorption energy between the two different porphyrin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Muth
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wolfram
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elmar Kataev
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Köbl
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ole Lytken
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Schio L, Forrer D, Casarin M, Goldoni A, Rogero C, Vittadini A, Floreano L. On surface chemical reactions of free-base and titanyl porphyrins with r-TiO 2(110): a unified picture. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12719-12744. [PMID: 35583960 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective we present a comprehensive study of the multiple reaction products of metal-free porphyrins (2H-Ps) in contact with the rutile TiO2(110) surface. In the absence of peripheral functionalization with specific linkers, the porphyrin adsorption is driven by the coordination of the two pyrrolic nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle to two consecutive oxygen atoms of the protruding Obr rows via hydrogen bonding. This chemical interaction favours the iminic nitrogen uptake of hydrogen from near surface layers at room temperature, thus yielding a stable acidic porphyrin (4H-P). In addition, a mild annealing (∼100 °C) triggers the incorporation of a Ti atom in the porphyrin macrocycle (self-metalation). We recently demonstrated that such a low temperature reaction is driven by a Lewis base iminic attack, which lowers the energy barriers for the outdiffusion of Ti interstitial atoms (Tiint) [Kremer et al., Appl. Surf. Sci., 2021, 564, 150403]. In the monolayer (ML) range, the porphyrin adsorption site, corresponding to a TiO-TPP configuration, is extremely stable and tetraphenyl-porphyrins (TPPs) may even undergo conformational distortion (flattening) by partial cyclo-dehydrogenation, while remaining anchored to the O rows up to 450 °C [Lovat et al., Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 11694]. Here we show that, upon self-metalation, isolated molecules at low coverage may jump atop the rows of five-fold coordinated Ti atoms (Ti5f). This configuration is associated with the formation of a new coordination complex, Ti-O-Ti5f, as determined by comparison with the deposition of pristine titanyl-porphyrin (TiO-TPP) molecules. The newly established Ti-O-Ti5f anchoring configuration is found to be stable also beyond the TPP flattening reaction. The anchoring of TiO-TPP to the Ti5f rows is, however, susceptible to the cross-talk between phenyls of adjacent molecules, which ultimately drives the TiO-TPP temperature evolution in the ML range along the same pathway followed by 2H-TPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schio
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza S.S. 14, Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Daniel Forrer
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Casarin
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Celia Rogero
- Materials Physics Center MPC, Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza S.S. 14, Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
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3
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Ninova S, Malcıoğlu OB, Auburger P, Franke M, Lytken O, Steinrück HP, Bockstedte M. Morphology dependent interaction between Co(II)-tetraphenylporphyrin and the MgO(100) surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2105-2116. [PMID: 33437981 PMCID: PMC8431532 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04859c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are key elements in organic–inorganic hybrid systems for a wide range of applications. Understanding their interaction with the substrate gives a handle on structural and electronic device properties. Here we investigate a single transition-metal porphyrin, namely Co(ii)-tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP), on the MgO(100) surface and the effect of multilayer film formation within hybrid density-functional theory and many-body perturbation theory. We focus on the relevant adsorption sites, simulate their photoemission spectra as a key fingerprint and compare with experiments on MgO(100) films on Ag(100). While we find only weak interaction between the cobalt centre and terrace sites on the MgO(100) surface, a strong interaction manifests itself with the low-coordinated sites. This leads to distinct features in both the valence and core-level regions of the electronic structure, as observed in the ultraviolet and X-ray photoemission spectra, corroborated by simulated spectra and calculated cobalt core-level shifts. Our work thus demonstrates the relevance of morphology-related low-coordinated sites and their properties in the adsorption of CoTPP on the MgO(100) surface. The adsorption of Co-tetraphenylporphyrin at relevant low-coordinated sites on MgO(100) shows distinct features from terrace-site and multilayer films in the near-valence and corelevel regions of the electronic structure.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviya Ninova
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Osman Barış Malcıoğlu
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Philipp Auburger
- Theoretische Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7B2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Franke
- Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ole Lytken
- Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michel Bockstedte
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. .,Theoretische Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7B2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Institut für Theoretische Physik, Johannes-Kepler-Universität Linz, Altenberger Str. 68, A-4040 Linz, Austria
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4
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Palummo M, Raimondo L, Hogan C, Goletti C, Trabattoni S, Sassella A. Nature of Optical Excitations in Porphyrin Crystals: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:869-875. [PMID: 33428409 PMCID: PMC8023704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The nature of optical excitations and the spatial extent of excitons in organic semiconductors, both of which determine exciton diffusion and carrier mobilities, are key factors for the proper understanding and tuning of material performances. Using a combined experimental and theoretical approach, we investigate the excitonic properties of meso-tetraphenyl porphyrin-Zn(II) crystals. We find that several bands contribute to the optical absorption spectra, beyond the four main ones considered here as the analogue to the four frontier molecular orbitals of the Gouterman model commonly adopted for the isolated molecule. By using many-body perturbation theory in the GW and Bethe-Salpeter equation approach, we interpret the experimental large optical anisotropy as being due to the interplay between long- and short-range intermolecular interactions. In addition, both localized and delocalized excitons in the π-stacking direction are demonstrated to determine the optical response, in agreement with recent experimental observations reported for organic crystals with similar molecular packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizia Palummo
- INFN,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Luisa Raimondo
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Conor Hogan
- Istituto
di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor
Vergata, Via della Ricerca
Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Goletti
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor
Vergata, Via della Ricerca
Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Trabattoni
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Adele Sassella
- Dipartimento
di Scienza dei Materiali, Università
degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy
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5
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De Luca O, Caruso T, Grimaldi I, Policicchio A, Formoso V, Fujii J, Vobornik I, Pacilé D, Papagno M, Agostino RG. Zinc(II) tetraphenylporphyrin on Au(111) investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy and photoemission spectroscopy measurements. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:365603. [PMID: 32442980 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab95ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins are a versatile class of molecules, which have attracted attention over the years due to their electronic, optical and biological properties. Self-assembled monolayers of porphyrins were widely studied on metal surfaces in order to understand the supramolecular organization of these molecules, which is a crucial step towards the development of devices starting from the bottom-up approach. This perspective could lead to tailor the interfacial properties of the surface, depending on the specific interaction between the molecular assembly and the metal surface. In this study, we revisit the investigation of the assembly of zinc-tetraphenylporphyrins on Au(111) in order to explore the adsorption of the molecular network on the noble metal substrate. The combined analysis of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging and core levels photoemission spectroscopy measurements support a peculiar arrangement of the ZnTPP molecular network, with Zn atoms occupying the bridge sites of the Au surface atoms. Furthermore, we prove that, at few-layers coverage, the interaction between the deposited layers allows a relevant molecular mobility of the adlayer, as observed by STM and supported by core levels photoemission analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste De Luca
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende(CS), Italy. CNR-Nanotec, UoS di Cosenza, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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6
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Stein A, Rolf D, Lotze C, Czekelius C, Franke KJ, Tegeder P. Electronic structure of an iron porphyrin derivative on Au(1 1 1). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:044002. [PMID: 30523801 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface-bound porphyrins are promising candidates for molecular switches, electronics and spintronics. Here, we studied the structural and the electronic properties of Fe-tetra-pyridil-porphyrin adsorbed on Au(1 1 1) in the monolayer regime. We combined scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoemission, and two-photon photoemission to determine the energy levels of the frontier molecular orbitals. We also resolved an excitonic state with a binding energy of 420 meV, which allowed us to compare the electronic transport gap with the optical gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnulf Stein
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Lovat G, Forrer D, Abadia M, Dominguez M, Casarin M, Rogero C, Vittadini A, Floreano L. Very high temperature tiling of tetraphenylporphyrin on rutile TiO 2(110). NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11694-11704. [PMID: 28776050 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04093h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the thermal stability up to 450 °C of a titanium(iv)-porphyrin monolayer grown on the rutile TiO2(110) surface. Starting from a film of metal-free tetra-phenyl-porphyrin, 2HTPP, deposited at room temperature, we show that, beyond the self-metalation reaction at 150°-200 °C, a second phase transition takes place at ∼350 °C. Using surface diffraction and microscopy, we observe a change of the phase symmetry from (2 × 4)-obliq to (2 × 6)-rect. Core level photoemission indicates that the chemical states of both the molecular tetrapyrrolic macrocycle and the substrate are unchanged. X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that the driving mechanism is a rotation of the phenyl terminations towards the substrate (flattening) that triggers a conformational change of the molecule through partial cyclo-dehydrogenation. From comparison with first principles calculations, we show that the common feature of these multiple phase transitions is the chemical nature of the porphyrin bonding atop the substrate oxygen rows: the coordination of the macrocycle central pocket to the oxygen atoms beneath is preserved throughout both the self-metalation and flattening reactions. The molecular orientation and arrangement are determined by steric constraints and intermolecular interactions, whereas the specific adsorption site is further stabilized by the interaction of the peripheral C-H network with the adjacent oxygen rows. Porphyrins are thus trapped at the TiO2(110) surface, where they demonstrate an exceptionally high thermal stability (up to ∼450 °C), which makes this interface potentially useful for sensors and photocatalysis applications in harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Lovat
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
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8
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Rangan S, Ruggieri C, Bartynski R, Martínez JI, Flores F, Ortega J. Adsorption Geometry and Energy Level Alignment at the PTCDA/TiO2(110) Interface. J Phys Chem B 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Rangan
- Department of Physics
and Astronomy and Laboratory for Surface Modification, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019, United States
| | - Charles Ruggieri
- Department of Physics
and Astronomy and Laboratory for Surface Modification, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019, United States
| | - Robert Bartynski
- Department of Physics
and Astronomy and Laboratory for Surface Modification, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019, United States
| | - José Ignacio Martínez
- Department of Surfaces, Coatings and Molecular Astrophysics, Institute of Materials Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
3, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Flores
- Departamento de Física Teórica
de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ortega
- Departamento de Física Teórica
de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Jöhr R, Hinaut A, Pawlak R, Zajac Ł, Olszowski P, Such B, Glatzel T, Zhang J, Muntwiler M, Bergkamp JJ, Mateo LM, Decurtins S, Liu SX, Meyer E. Thermally induced anchoring of a zinc-carboxyphenylporphyrin on rutile TiO2 (110). J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4982936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Res Jöhr
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Łukasz Zajac
- Physics Department, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Prof. St. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Olszowski
- Physics Department, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Prof. St. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Such
- Physics Department, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Prof. St. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jun Zhang
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Jesse J. Bergkamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis-Manuel Mateo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Global and local aspects of the surface potential landscape for energy level alignment at organic-ZnO interfaces. Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Martínez JI, Flores F, Ortega J, Rangan S, Ruggieri CM, Bartynski RA. Unveiling universal trends for the energy level alignment in organic/oxide interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:24412-24420. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03853d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic/oxide interfaces exhibit an energy-level-alignment universal behaviour when a bias is applied. Coulomb-blockade regime is ruled by the organic electronegativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I. Martínez
- Materials Science Factory
- Dept. Surfaces
- Coatings and Molecular Astrophysics
- Institute of Material Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC)
- E-28049 Madrid
| | - Fernando Flores
- Dept. Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- ES-28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - José Ortega
- Dept. Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- ES-28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Sylvie Rangan
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, and Laboratory for Surface Modification, Rutgers
- The State University of New Jersey
- Piscataway
- USA
| | - Charles M. Ruggieri
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, and Laboratory for Surface Modification, Rutgers
- The State University of New Jersey
- Piscataway
- USA
| | - Robert A. Bartynski
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, and Laboratory for Surface Modification, Rutgers
- The State University of New Jersey
- Piscataway
- USA
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12
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Prauzner-Bechcicki JS, Zajac L, Olszowski P, Jöhr R, Hinaut A, Glatzel T, Such B, Meyer E, Szymonski M. Scanning probe microscopy studies on the adsorption of selected molecular dyes on titania. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1642-1653. [PMID: 28144513 PMCID: PMC5238678 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide, or titania, sensitized with organic dyes is a very attractive platform for photovoltaic applications. In this context, the knowledge of properties of the titania-sensitizer junction is essential for designing efficient devices. Consequently, studies on the adsorption of organic dyes on titania surfaces and on the influence of the adsorption geometry on the energy level alignment between the substrate and an organic adsorbate are necessary. The method of choice for investigating the local environment of a single dye molecule is high-resolution scanning probe microscopy. Microscopic results combined with the outcome of common spectroscopic methods provide a better understanding of the mechanism taking place at the titania-sensitizer interface. In the following paper, we review the recent scanning probe microscopic research of a certain group of molecular assemblies on rutile titania surfaces as it pertains to dye-sensitized solar cell applications. We focus on experiments on adsorption of three types of prototypical dye molecules, i.e., perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), phtalocyanines and porphyrins. Two interesting heteromolecular systems comprising molecules that are aligned with the given review are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub S Prauzner-Bechcicki
- Research Centre for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials (NANOSAM), Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Zajac
- Research Centre for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials (NANOSAM), Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Olszowski
- Research Centre for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials (NANOSAM), Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Res Jöhr
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bartosz Such
- Research Centre for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials (NANOSAM), Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Research Centre for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials (NANOSAM), Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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