Identifying the Molecular Orientation and Clusters in the Liquid-Vapor Interface of 1-Propanol by Time-Delayed Mass Spectrometry

Direct Observation of Anionic Yields from the Liquid-Vapor Interface by Electron Irradiation

Dissociative electron attachment (DEA) is widely believed to play a high-profile role in ionizing radiation damages of bioorganic molecules, and its fundamentals are mainly learned from the gas-phase studies. However, the DEA process in aqueous solution is still in debate. Here we provide experimental evidence about the DEA processes of liquid methanol by using electron-impact-time-delayed mass spectrometry. In contrast to the gas- and solid-phase DEAs, methoxide ion CH3O- is the predominant product from the liquid interface. Furthermore, this anion can be produced with both the primary low-energy electrons and the inelastically scattered and secondary low-energy electrons. On the contrary, the primary low-energy electrons in the liquid bulk are more likely to be solvated, rather than directly participating in the DEA process. Our study provides new insights into radiation chemistry, particularly of bioorganic relevance.

Ultrafast Charge and Proton Transfer in Doubly Ionized Ammonia Dimers

We investigate the ultrafast energy and charge transfer processes between ammonia molecules following ionization reactions initiated by electron impact. Exploring ionization-induced processes in molecular clusters provides us with a detailed insight into the dynamics using experiments in the energy domain. We ionize the ammonia dimer with 200 eV electrons and apply the fragment ions coincident momentum spectroscopy and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. We identify two mechanisms leading to the doubly charged ammonia dimer. In the first one, a single molecule is ionized. This initiates an ultrafast proton transfer process, leading to the formation of the NH₂⁺ + NH₄⁺ pair. Alternatively, a dimer with a delocalized charge is formed dominantly via the intermolecular Coulombic decay, forming the NH₃⁺·NH₃⁺ dication. This dication further dissociates into two NH₃⁺ cations. The ab initio calculations have reproduced the measured kinetic energy release of the ion pairs and revealed the dynamical processes following the double ionization.

Electron Impact with the Liquid-Vapor Interface

Reaction dynamics in the liquid-vapor interface is one of the crucial physical sciences but is still starving for in-depth exploration. It is challenging to selectively detect the interfacial species or the yields of chemical reaction therein, meanwhile shielding or reducing the interference from the vapor and liquid bulk. Mass spectrometry is a straightforward method but is also frustrated in such a selective detection. Using a liquid microjet in combination with a pulsed electron beam, a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and a quadrupole mass filter, we recently innovated time-delayed mass spectrometry for investigations of the liquid-vapor interface. In this Account, we illustrate how this unique method succeeds in disentangling different sources, i.e., the vapor and liquid-vapor interface, of the ionic yields of the electron impacts with a liquid beam of alcohol in vacuum. These achievements are basically attributed to the application of an onion-peeling strategy in the ion detection. Concretely, the microsecond time scale of molecular volatilization can be resolved well by tuning the delay time between the nanosecond pulses of incident electron bunch and ion attractor. First, the specific orientation of the interfacial molecule, i.e., a well-known fact about the hydrophobic hydrocarbon groups pointing outside the liquid surface of alcohol, is validated again. More importantly, the dynamic features of time-delayed mass spectra, in particular, for the ionic yields from the liquid-vapor interface, are rationalized explicitly. Moreover, we demonstrate evidence of in situ molecular dimers in the liquid-vapor interface of 1-propanol. As the first example of electron-induced reaction in the liquid-vapor interface, dimethyl ether can be synthesized in the liquid methanol interface due to local interfacial acidification by high-energy electron impacts. On the contrary, the low energy electron can lead to local basicity through dissociative electron attachment (DEA). Besides the primary low-energy electrons, the low-energy secondary and inelastically scattered electrons in the higher-energy impacts of the primary electrons can also participate in the DEA process. In contrast to the gas- or solid-phase DEAs, that in the liquid-vapor interface shows distinct differences in both the types and efficiencies of anionic products. With these and efforts in the future, we develop a molecular-level understanding of how the chemical reactions happen in the liquid-vapor interface.

Electron-Induced Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether in the Liquid-Vapor Interface of Methanol

Ether synthesis from alcohol is known to be acid-catalyzed. Such a process could happen in the acidified liquid of alcohol, but hitherto lacking the experimental evidence. Here we demonstrate that dimethyl ether is spontaneously synthesized in the liquid-vapor interface of pure methanol after ionizing radiation with electrons. Using time-delayed tandem mass spectrometry measurements in combination with theoretical calculations, we further confirm that the protonated dimethyl ether is produced from the ion-molecule reactions not only in the dense vapor above the interface but also within the molecular clusters of the acidic interface. Our finding provides a convincing piece of evidence about the liquid-vapor interfacial acidification by the electron-impact ionizing radiation, exhibiting a promising way to control the chemical reactions in the liquid surface.