1
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Li X, Cheng J, Hou H, Meira DM, Liu L. Reactant-Induced Structural Evolution of Pt Catalysts Confined in Zeolite. JACS AU 2024; 4:666-679. [PMID: 38425920 PMCID: PMC10900205 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Reactant-induced structural evolutions of heterogeneous metal catalysts are frequently observed in numerous catalytic systems, which can be associated with the formation or deactivation of active sites. In this work, we will show the structural transformation of subnanometer Pt clusters in pure-silica MFI zeolite structure in the presence of CO, O2, and/or H2O and the catalytic consequences of the Pt-zeolite materials derived from various treatment conditions. By applying the appropriate pretreatment under a reactant atmosphere, we can precisely modulate the size distribution of Pt species spanning from single Pt atoms to small Pt nanoparticles (1-5 nm) in the zeolite matrix, resulting in the desirably active and stable Pt species for CO oxidation. We also show the incorporation of Fe into the zeolite framework greatly promotes the stability of Pt species against undesired sintering under harsh conditions (up to 650 °C in the presence of CO, O2, and moisture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Engineering
Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinling Cheng
- Engineering
Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huaming Hou
- National
Energy Center for Coal to Clean Fuels, Synfuels
China Co., Ltd., Huairou
District, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Debora M. Meira
- CLS@APS
sector 20, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Canadian
Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2 V3, Canada
| | - Lichen Liu
- Engineering
Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Bates JS, Johnson MR, Khamespanah F, Root TW, Stahl SS. Heterogeneous M-N-C Catalysts for Aerobic Oxidation Reactions: Lessons from Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6233-6256. [PMID: 36198176 PMCID: PMC10073352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonprecious metal heterogeneous catalysts composed of first-row transition metals incorporated into nitrogen-doped carbon matrices (M-N-Cs) have been studied for decades as leading alternatives to Pt for the electrocatalytic O2 reduction reaction (ORR). More recently, similar M-N-C catalysts have been shown to catalyze the aerobic oxidation of organic molecules. This Focus Review highlights mechanistic similarities and distinctions between these two reaction classes and then surveys the aerobic oxidation reactions catalyzed by M-N-Cs. As the active-site structures and kinetic properties of M-N-C aerobic oxidation catalysts have not been extensively studied, the array of tools and methods used to characterize ORR catalysts are presented with the goal of supporting further advances in the field of aerobic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mathew R. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Fatemeh Khamespanah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thatcher W. Root
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Tang R, Wang H, Dong X, Zhang S, Zhang L, Dong F. A ball milling method for highly dispersed Ni atoms on g-C3N4 to boost CO2 photoreduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:290-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Xie S, Liu L, Lu Y, Wang C, Cao S, Diao W, Deng J, Tan W, Ma L, Ehrlich SN, Li Y, Zhang Y, Ye K, Xin H, Flytzani-Stephanopoulos M, Liu F. Pt Atomic Single-Layer Catalyst Embedded in Defect-Enriched Ceria for Efficient CO Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21255-21266. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Xie
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yue Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Chunying Wang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Sufeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Weijian Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Jiguang Deng
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lu Ma
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Steven N. Ehrlich
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yaobin Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kailong Ye
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Hongliang Xin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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5
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Sarma BB, Maurer F, Doronkin DE, Grunwaldt JD. Design of Single-Atom Catalysts and Tracking Their Fate Using Operando and Advanced X-ray Spectroscopic Tools. Chem Rev 2022; 123:379-444. [PMID: 36418229 PMCID: PMC9837826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of operando X-ray techniques for following the structure, fate, and active site of single-atom catalysts (SACs) is highlighted with emphasis on a synergetic approach of both topics. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and related X-ray techniques have become fascinating tools to characterize solids and they can be applied to almost all the transition metals deriving information about the symmetry, oxidation state, local coordination, and many more structural and electronic properties. SACs, a newly coined concept, recently gained much attention in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. In this way, one can achieve a minimum use of the metal, theoretically highest efficiency, and the design of only one active site-so-called single site catalysts. While single sites are not easy to characterize especially under operating conditions, XAS as local probe together with complementary methods (infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy) is ideal in this research area to prove the structure of these sites and the dynamic changes during reaction. In this review, starting from their fundamentals, various techniques related to conventional XAS and X-ray photon in/out techniques applied to single sites are discussed with detailed mechanistic and in situ/operando studies. We systematically summarize the design strategies of SACs and outline their exploration with XAS supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and recent machine learning tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Bikash Sarma
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany,Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany,
| | - Florian Maurer
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dmitry E. Doronkin
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany,Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany,Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany,
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6
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Bates JS, Khamespanah F, Cullen DA, Al-Omari AA, Hopkins MN, Martinez JJ, Root TW, Stahl SS. Molecular Catalyst Synthesis Strategies to Prepare Atomically Dispersed Fe-N-C Heterogeneous Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18797-18802. [PMID: 36215721 PMCID: PMC9888425 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a strategy to integrate atomically dispersed iron within a heterogeneous nitrogen-doped carbon (N-C) support, inspired by routes for metalation of molecular macrocyclic iron complexes. The N-C support, derived from pyrolysis of a ZIF-8 metal-organic framework, is metalated via solution-phase reaction with FeCl2 and tributyl amine, as a Brønsted base, at 150 °C. Fe active sites are characterized by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. The site density can be increased by selective removal of Zn2+ ions from the N-C support prior to metalation, resembling the transmetalation strategy commonly employed for the preparation of molecular Fe-macrocycles. The utility of this approach is validated by the higher catalytic rates (per total Fe) of these materials relative to established Fe-N-C catalysts, benchmarked using an aerobic oxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Fatemeh Khamespanah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David A. Cullen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Abdulhadi A. Al-Omari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Melissa N. Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jesse J. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thatcher W. Root
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA,Corresponding Authors
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7
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Unifying views on catalyst deactivation. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Ensemble effect for single-atom, small cluster and nanoparticle catalysts. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Kurtoğlu-Öztulum SF, KaanYalçın, Zhao Y, Pelin Çağlayan H, Hoffman AS, Gates BC, Bare SR, Ünal U, Uzun A. Transformation of Reduced Graphene Aerogel-Supported Atomically Dispersed Iridium into Stable Clusters Approximated as Ir6 during Ethylene Hydrogenation Catalysis. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Xie S, Zhang X, Xu P, Hatcher B, Liu Y, Ma L, Ehrlich SN, Hong S, Liu F. Effect of surface acidity modulation on Pt/Al2O3 single atom catalyst for carbon monoxide oxidation and methanol decomposition. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Qi P, Wang J, Djitcheu X, He D, Liu H, Zhang Q. Techniques for the characterization of single atom catalysts. RSC Adv 2021; 12:1216-1227. [PMID: 35425093 PMCID: PMC8978979 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07799f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single atom catalysts (SACs) are a hot research area recently. Over most of the SACs, the singly dispersed atoms are the active sites, which contribute to the catalytic activities significantly compared with a catalyst with continuously packed active sites. It is essential to determine whether SACs have been successfully synthesized. Several techniques have been applied for the characterization of the dispersion states of the active sites over SACs, such as Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), etc. In this review, the techniques for the identification of the singly dispersed sites over SACs are introduced, the advantages and limitations of each technique are pointed out, and the future research directions have been discussed. It is hoped that this review will be helpful for a more comprehensive understanding of the characterization and detection methods involved in SACs, and stimulate and promote the further development of this emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qi
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Xavier Djitcheu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Dehua He
- Innovative Catalysis Program, Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Huimin Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Qijian Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
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12
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Lisitsyn AS, Kadtsyna AS. Strong response of Pt clusters to the environment and conditions, formation of metastable states, and simple methods to trace the reversible changes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22718-22732. [PMID: 34605497 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01484f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Subnanometric metal particles, the so-called "clusters", are known to be responsive to their surroundings, but the detection of occurring changes, understanding the causes, and predicting the consequences are still extremely difficult for such small particles. Our study was aimed at estimating the potential of adsorption-based methods for these purposes. Using carbon monoxide as a probing molecule, which readily adsorbs on both bare and H-covered Pt surface, we have probed the adsorption properties of highly dispersed Pt/γ-Al2O3 samples after treatments under different atmospheres and temperatures (H2 or inert gas, 25-500 °C). The combined results of CO-chemisorption measurements, CO TPD, CO TPO, H2-by-CO displacement, and H2 TPD suggest that the system shuttles between two states: one with oxygen vacancies in the support and the other one with redox-active oxygen near the Pt clusters. These extreme states can be reversibly created and deleted, giving rise to innumerable intermediate structures that differ in the amount, binding strength, and/or reactivity of adsorbed species. Two adsorbates could act cooperatively, resulting in hydrogen spillover onto the support and making the adsorbate-metal-support interactions even more complex. Implications for better understanding the dynamic behavior of oxide-supported clusters and nanoparticles are discussed.
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13
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Hannagan RT, Giannakakis G, Réocreux R, Schumann J, Finzel J, Wang Y, Michaelides A, Deshlahra P, Christopher P, Flytzani-Stephanopoulos M, Stamatakis M, Sykes ECH. First-principles design of a single-atom–alloy propane dehydrogenation catalyst. Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abg8389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhodium atoms for alkane dehydrogenation
Nanoparticles of rhodium dispersed on metal oxides are generally poor catalysts for alkane dehydrogenation because the reactants bind too strongly to the metal. Hannagan
et al.
performed first-principle calculations indicating that single rhodium atoms in a copper surface should be stable and selective for conversion of propane to propene and hydrogen. Model studies of single rhodium atoms embedded in a copper (111) surface revealed a very high selectivity to propene and high resistance to the formation of surface carbon that would deactivate the catalyst.
Science
, abg8389, this issue p.
1444
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Hannagan
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Georgios Giannakakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Romain Réocreux
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Julia Schumann
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jordan Finzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Prashant Deshlahra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Phillip Christopher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | | | - Michail Stamatakis
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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14
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Abstract
The discussion concerning cooperativity in supported single-atom (SA) catalysis is often limited to the metal-support interaction, which is certainly important, but which is not the only lever for modifying the catalytic performance. Indeed, if the interaction between the SA and the support, which can be seen as a solid ligand presenting its own specificities that fix the first coordination sphere of the metal, plays a central role as in homogeneous catalysis, other factors can strongly contribute to modification of the activity, selectivity and stability of SAs. Therefore, in this mini-review, we briefly summarize the importance of the support (oxide, carbon or a second metal) in SA photo- electro- and thermal-catalysis (support-assisted operation), and concentrate on other types of cooperativities that in some cases enable previously impossible reaction pathways on supported metal SAs. This includes topics that are not specific to SA catalysis, such as metal-ligand or heterobimetallic cooperativity, and cooperativity which is SA-specific such as nanoparticle-SA or mixed-valence SA cooperativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Serp
- LCC, CNRS-UPR 8241, ENSIACET, Université de Toulouse, 31030 Toulouse, France.
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15
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Peng B, Liu H, Liu Z, Duan X, Huang Y. Toward Rational Design of Single-Atom Catalysts. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2837-2847. [PMID: 33720722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Downscaling catalyst size has long been used to promote the atomic utilization efficiency of catalysts. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are the current end of this downscaling road, offering the potential of 100% metal atom utilization and excellent catalytic behavior compared with traditional nanoparticle catalysts. However, most development of SACs still relies on trial-and-error experiments because of the insufficient understanding of the distinctive properties of SACs and their structure-activity relationships. This Perspective discusses the path forward toward the rational design of SACs through a summary of understanding regarding the distinctive properties of single-atom active sites, their dynamic changes during the reactions, and the corresponding reaction mechanisms. Major challenges and opportunities for future research on SACs are identified in precisely controlled synthesis, advanced operando characterizations, and discovering the unconventional catalytic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosi Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Haotian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zeyan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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