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Chen L, Fu S, Li Y, Sun N, Yan Y, Song Z. On the Durability of Tin-Containing Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304811. [PMID: 37968252 PMCID: PMC10767427 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Tin (Sn)-containing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained significant attention in the field of perovskite optoelectronics due to lower toxicity than their lead-based counterparts and their potential for tandem applications. However, the lack of stability is a major concern that hampers their development. To achieve the long-term stability of Sn-containing PSCs, it is crucial to have a clear and comprehensive understanding of the degradation mechanisms of Sn-containing perovskites and develop mitigation strategies. This review provides a compendious overview of degradation pathways observed in Sn-containing perovskites, attributing to intrinsic factors related to the materials themselves and environmental factors such as light, heat, moisture, oxygen, and their combined effects. The impact of interface and electrode materials on the stability of Sn-containing PSCs is also discussed. Additionally, various strategies to mitigate the instability issue of Sn-containing PSCs are summarized. Lastly, the challenges and prospects for achieving durable Sn-containing PSCs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and CommercializationThe University of Toledo2801 W. Bancroft StreetToledoOH43606USA
| | - Sheng Fu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and CommercializationThe University of Toledo2801 W. Bancroft StreetToledoOH43606USA
| | - You Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and CommercializationThe University of Toledo2801 W. Bancroft StreetToledoOH43606USA
| | - Nannan Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and CommercializationThe University of Toledo2801 W. Bancroft StreetToledoOH43606USA
| | - Yanfa Yan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and CommercializationThe University of Toledo2801 W. Bancroft StreetToledoOH43606USA
| | - Zhaoning Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and CommercializationThe University of Toledo2801 W. Bancroft StreetToledoOH43606USA
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Qin Z, Qin M, Lu X. High-Efficiency Low-Lead Perovskite Photovoltaics Approaching 20% Enabled by a Vacuum-Drying Strategy. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300202. [PMID: 37148173 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lead-tin mixed perovskites are excellent photovoltaic materials that can be used in single- or multi-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, most high-performance Pb-Sn mixed PSCs reported to date are still Pb-dominant. It is highly demanding to develop environmentally friendly low-lead PSCs, but the poor film quality caused by the uncontrollable crystallization kinetics has been hindering the efficiency improvement of low-lead PSCs. Here, a vacuum-drying strategy in the two-step method to fabricate low-lead PSCs (FAPb0.3 Sn0.7 I3 ) with an impressive efficiency of 19.67% is employed. The vacuum treatment induces the formation of low crystalline Pb0.3 Sn0.7 I2 films containing less solvent, thus facilitating the subsequent FAI penetration and suppressing pinholes. Compared with the conventional one-step method, the two-step fabricated low-lead perovskite films with the vacuum-drying treatment exhibit a larger grain size, lower trap density, and weaker recombination loss, thus giving rise to a record-high efficiency near 20% with better thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaotong Qin
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Minchao Qin
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
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Tao Y, Liang Z, Ye J, Xu H, Liu G, Aldakov D, Pan X, Reiss P, Tian X. Bidirectional Anions Gathering Strategy Afford Efficient Mixed PbSn Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207480. [PMID: 36840656 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mixed lead-tin (PbSn) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) possess low toxicity and adjustable bandgap for both single-junction and all-perovskite tandem solar cells. However, the performance of mixed PbSn PSCs still lags behind the theoretical efficiency. The uncontrollable crystallization and the resulting structural defect are important reasons. Here, the bidirectional anions gathering strategy (BAG) is reported by using Methylammonium acetate (MAAc) and Methylammonium thiocyanate (MASCN) as perovskite bulk additives, which Ac- escapes from the perovskite film top surface while SCN- gathers at the perovskite film bottom in the crystallization process. After the optoelectronic techniques, the bidirectional anions movement caused by the top-down gradient crystallization is demonstrated. The layer-by-layer crystallization can collect anions in the next layer and gather at the broader, enabling a controllable crystallization process, thus getting a high-quality perovskite film with better phase crystallinity and lower defect concentration. As a result, PSCs treated by the BAG strategy exhibit outstanding photovoltaic and electroluminescent performance with a champion efficiency of 22.14%. Additionally, it demonstrates excellent long-term stability, which retains ≈92.8% of its initial efficiency after 4000 h aging test in the N2 glove box.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Tao
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Jiajiu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Huifen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Dmitry Aldakov
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INP, IRIG/SyMMES, STEP, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Xu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Peter Reiss
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INP, IRIG/SyMMES, STEP, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Xingyou Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, 230031, China
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Hu S, Smith JA, Snaith HJ, Wakamiya A. Prospects for Tin-Containing Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2023; 1:69-82. [PMID: 37124243 PMCID: PMC10131267 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.3c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tin-containing metal halide perovskites have enormous potential as photovoltaics, both in narrow band gap mixed tin-lead materials for all-perovskite tandems and for lead-free perovskites. The introduction of Sn(II), however, has significant effects on the solution chemistry, crystallization, defect states, and other material properties in halide perovskites. In this perspective, we summarize the main hurdles for tin-containing perovskites and highlight successful attempts made by the community to overcome them. We discuss important research directions for the development of these materials and propose some approaches to achieve a unified understanding of Sn incorporation. We particularly focus on the discussion of charge carrier dynamics and nonradiative losses at the interfaces between perovskite and charge extraction layers in p-i-n cells. We hope these insights will aid the community to accelerate the development of high-performance, stable single-junction tin-containing perovskite solar cells and all-perovskite tandems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifeng Hu
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- (S.H.)
| | - Joel A. Smith
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K.
- (J.A.S.)
| | - Henry J. Snaith
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K.
- (H.J.S.)
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- (A.W.)
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Ayaydah W, Raddad E, Hawash Z. Sn-Based Perovskite Solar Cells towards High Stability and Performance. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:806. [PMID: 37421039 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed rapid development in the field of tin-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) due to their environmental friendliness and tremendous potential in the photovoltaic field. Most of the high-performance PSCs are based on lead as the light-absorber material. However, the toxicity of lead and the commercialization raise concerns about potential health and environmental hazards. TPSCs can maintain all the optoelectronic properties of lead PSCs, as well as feature a favorable smaller bandgap. However, TPSCs tend to undergo rapid oxidation, crystallization, and charge recombination, which make it difficult to unlock the full potential of such perovskites. Here, we shed light on the most critical features and mechanisms affecting the growth, oxidation, crystallization, morphology, energy levels, stability, and performance of TPSCs. We also investigate the recent strategies, such as interfaces and bulk additives, built-in electric field, and alternative charge transport materials that are used to enhance the performance of the TPSCs. More importantly, we have summarized most of the recent best-performing lead-free and lead-mixed TPSCs. This review aims to help future research in TPSCs to produce highly stable and efficient solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa' Ayaydah
- Department of Physics, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Ramallah 71939, Palestine
| | - Eman Raddad
- Department of Physics, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Ramallah 71939, Palestine
| | - Zafer Hawash
- Department of Physics, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Ramallah 71939, Palestine
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Shi R, Long R. Atomic Model for Alkali Metal-Doped Tin-Lead Mixed Perovskites: Insight from Quantum Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2878-2885. [PMID: 36920287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Defects such as metal vacancies act as nonradiative recombination centers to deteriorate the photoelectric properties of metal halide perovskites. Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics has demonstrated that alkali metal dopants markedly improve the performance of mixed tin-lead perovskites. Alkali dopants increase the formation energy of tin vacancies to 1 eV, so that the defect concentration is decreased. When tin vacancies exist, alkali metals are easily doped into perovskites. Tin vacancies produce iodine trimers that create midgap states and cause rapid electron-hole recombination. Alkali metal additives eliminate the trap state, weaken nonadiabatic coupling, and decelerate charge recombination with a coefficient of ≤5.5 compared with the performance of the defective tin-lead mixed perovskite. Our research has constructed a theoretical model at the atomic level for alkali metal passivation that enhances defect tolerance of tin-lead mixed perovskites, generating valuable inspiration for optimizing high-performance perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Shi
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Run Long
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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Tsikritzis D, Chatzimanolis K, Tzoganakis N, Bellani S, Zappia MI, Bianca G, Curreli N, Buha J, Kriegel I, Antonatos N, Sofer Z, Krassas M, Rogdakis K, Bonaccorso F, Kymakis E. Two-dimensional BiTeI as a novel perovskite additive for printable perovskite solar cells. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS 2022; 6:5345-5359. [PMID: 36776412 PMCID: PMC9907396 DOI: 10.1039/d2se01109c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attractive printable, flexible, and cost-effective optoelectronic devices constituting an alternative technology to conventional Si-based ones. The incorporation of low-dimensional materials, such as two-dimensional (2D) materials, into the PSC structure is a promising route for interfacial and bulk perovskite engineering, paving the way for improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability. In this work, we investigate the incorporation of 2D bismuth telluride iodide (BiTeI) flakes as additives in the perovskite active layer, demonstrating their role in tuning the interfacial energy-level alignment for optimum device performance. By varying the concentration of BiTeI flakes in the perovskite precursor solution between 0.008 mg mL-1 and 0.1 mg mL-1, a downward shift in the energy levels of the perovskite results in an optimal alignment of the energy levels of the materials across the cell structure, as supported by device simulations. Thus, the cell fill factor (FF) increases with additive concentration, reaching values greater than 82%, although the suppression of open circuit voltage (V oc) is reported beyond an additive concentration threshold of 0.03 mg mL-1. The most performant devices delivered a PCE of 18.3%, with an average PCE showing a +8% increase compared to the reference devices. This work demonstrates the potential of 2D-material-based additives for the engineering of PSCs via energy level optimization at perovskite/charge transporting layer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Tsikritzis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University (HMU) Heraklion 71410 Crete Greece
- Institute of Emerging Technologies (i-EMERGE) of HMU Research Center Heraklion 71410 Crete Greece
| | - Konstantinos Chatzimanolis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University (HMU) Heraklion 71410 Crete Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tzoganakis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University (HMU) Heraklion 71410 Crete Greece
| | | | | | - Gabriele Bianca
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego, 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Nicola Curreli
- Functional Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego, 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Joka Buha
- BeDimensional S.p.A. Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R 16163 Genova Italy
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego, 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Ilka Kriegel
- Functional Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego, 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Nikolas Antonatos
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 Prague 6 16628 Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 Prague 6 16628 Czech Republic
| | - Miron Krassas
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University (HMU) Heraklion 71410 Crete Greece
| | - Konstantinos Rogdakis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University (HMU) Heraklion 71410 Crete Greece
- Institute of Emerging Technologies (i-EMERGE) of HMU Research Center Heraklion 71410 Crete Greece
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- BeDimensional S.p.A. Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R 16163 Genova Italy
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia via Morego, 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Emmanuel Kymakis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University (HMU) Heraklion 71410 Crete Greece
- Institute of Emerging Technologies (i-EMERGE) of HMU Research Center Heraklion 71410 Crete Greece
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Hou W, Guo M, Chang Y, Zhu S, Bi H, Shen Q, Xiao Y, Han G. In situ lead oxysalt passivation layer for stable and efficient perovskite solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12708-12711. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04976g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Rb2SO4 can passivate defects and enhance device stability by reacting with Pb2+ to form hydrophobic PbSO4in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Hou
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Mengna Guo
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Yunzhen Chang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Huan Bi
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Qing Shen
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yaoming Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, P. R. China
| | - Gaoyi Han
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
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