1
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Öner S, Kuila S, Stavrou K, Danos A, Fox MA, Monkman AP, Bryce MR. Exciplex, Not Heavy-Atom Effect, Controls the Triplet Dynamics of a Series of Sulfur-Containing Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:7135-7150. [PMID: 39156711 PMCID: PMC11325549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The efficiency of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in organic materials relies on rapid intersystem crossing rates and fast conversion of triplet (T) excitons into a singlet (S) state. Heavy atoms such as sulfur or selenium are now frequently incorporated into TADF molecular structures to enhance these properties by increased spin-orbit coupling [spin orbit coupling (SOC)] between the T and S states. Here a series of donor-acceptor (D-A) molecules based on 12H-benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-a]carbazole and dicyanopyridine is compared with their nonsulfur control molecules designed to probe such SOC effects. We reveal that unexpected intermolecular interactions of the D-A molecules with carbazole-containing host materials instead serve as the dominant pathway for triplet decay kinetics in these materials. In-depth photophysical and computational studies combined with organic light emitting diode measurements demonstrate that the anticipated heavy-atom effect from sulfur is overshadowed by exciplex formation. Indeed, even the unsubstituted acceptor fragments exhibit pronounced TADF exciplex emission in appropriate carbazole hosts. The intermolecular charge transfer and TADF in these systems are further confirmed by detailed time-dependent density functional theory studies. This work demonstrates that anticipated heavy-atom effects in TADF emitters do not always control or even impact the photophysical and electroluminescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Öner
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Suman Kuila
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Kleitos Stavrou
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Andrew Danos
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Mark A. Fox
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Martin R. Bryce
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
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2
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Di Maiolo F, Phan Huu DKA, Giavazzi D, Landi A, Racchi O, Painelli A. Shedding light on thermally-activated delayed fluorescence. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5434-5450. [PMID: 38638233 PMCID: PMC11023041 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is a hot research topic in view of its impressive applications in a wide variety of fields from organic LEDs to photodynamic therapy and metal-free photocatalysis. TADF is a rare and fragile phenomenon that requires a delicate equilibrium between tiny singlet-triplet gaps, sizable spin-orbit couplings, conformational flexibility and a balanced contribution of charge transfer and local excited states. To make the picture more complex, this precarious equilibrium is non-trivially affected by the interaction of the TADF dye with its local environment. The concurrent optimization of the dye and of the embedding medium is therefore of paramount importance to boost practical applications of TADF. Towards this aim, refined theoretical and computational approaches must be cleverly exploited, paying attention to the reliability of adopted approximations. In this perspective, we will address some of the most important issues in the field. Specifically, we will critically review theoretical and computational approaches to TADF rates, highlighting the limits of widespread approaches. Environmental effects on the TADF photophysics are discussed in detail, focusing on the major role played by dielectric and conformational disorder in liquid solutions and amorphous matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Maiolo
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - D K Andrea Phan Huu
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Davide Giavazzi
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Andrea Landi
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Ottavia Racchi
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Anna Painelli
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
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3
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Diesing S, Zhang L, Zysman-Colman E, Samuel IDW. A figure of merit for efficiency roll-off in TADF-based organic LEDs. Nature 2024; 627:747-753. [PMID: 38538942 PMCID: PMC10972759 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are a revolutionary light-emitting display technology that has been successfully commercialized in mobile phones and televisions1,2. The injected charges form both singlet and triplet excitons, and for high efficiency it is important to enable triplets as well as singlets to emit light. At present, materials that harvest triplets by thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) are a very active field of research as an alternative to phosphorescent emitters that usually use heavy metal atoms3,4. Although excellent progress has been made, in most TADF OLEDs there is a severe decrease of efficiency as the drive current is increased, known as efficiency roll-off. So far, much of the literature suggests that efficiency roll-off should be reduced by minimizing the energy difference between singlet and triplet excited states (ΔEST) to maximize the rate of conversion of triplets to singlets by means of reverse intersystem crossing (kRISC)5-20. We analyse the efficiency roll-off in a wide range of TADF OLEDs and find that neither of these parameters fully accounts for the reported efficiency roll-off. By considering the dynamic equilibrium between singlets and triplets in TADF materials, we propose a figure of merit for materials design to reduce efficiency roll-off and discuss its correlation with reported data of TADF OLEDs. Our new figure of merit will guide the design and development of TADF materials that can reduce efficiency roll-off. It will help improve the efficiency of TADF OLEDs at realistic display operating conditions and expand the use of TADF materials to applications that require high brightness, such as lighting, augmented reality and lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diesing
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, St Andrews, UK
| | - L Zhang
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, St Andrews, UK
| | - E Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, St Andrews, UK.
| | - I D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
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4
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Franca L, Danos A, Saxena R, Kuila S, Stavrou K, Li C, Wedler S, Köhler A, Monkman AP. Exploring the Early Time Behavior of the Excited States of an Archetype Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecule. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1734-1740. [PMID: 38323906 PMCID: PMC10875657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Optical pump-probe techniques allow for an in-depth study of dark excited states. Here, we utilize them to map and gain insights into the excited states involved in the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism of a benchmark TADF emitter DMAC-TRZ. The results identify different electronic excited states involved in the key TADF transitions and their nature by combining pump-probe and photoluminescence measurements. The photoinduced absorption signals are highly dependent on polarity, affecting the transition oscillator strength but not their relative energy positions. In methylcyclohexane, a strong and vibronically structured local triplet excited state absorption (3LE → 3LEn) is observed, which is quenched in higher polarity solvents as 3CT becomes the lowest triplet state. Furthermore, ultrafast transient absorption (fsTA) confirms the presence of two stable conformers of DMAC-TRZ: (1) quasi-axial (QA) interconverting within 20 ps into (2) quasi-equatorial (QE) in the excited state. Moreover, fsTA highlights how sensitive excited state couplings are to the environment and the molecular conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa
G. Franca
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Danos
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
| | - Rishabh Saxena
- Soft
Matter Optoelectronics and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPS), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Suman Kuila
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
| | - Kleitos Stavrou
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
| | - Chunyong Li
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Wedler
- Soft
Matter Optoelectronics and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPS), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft
Matter Optoelectronics and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPS), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
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5
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Goll FD, Schelhorn A, Litvinas D, Tenopala-Carmona F, Kazak L, Jelezko F, Lambert C, Gather MC, Kuehne AJC, Ziener U. Revealing the Origin of Fast Delayed Fluorescence in a Donor Functionalized Bisterpyridine. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303067. [PMID: 37902606 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
A new carbazole-substituted bisterpyridine with pronounced delayed fluorescence is presented. While the molecular donor-acceptor-donor design suggests the origin of this to be thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), results from various photophysical characterizations, OLED characteristics, temperature-dependent NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations all point against the involvement of triplet states. The molecule exhibits blue emission at about 440 nm with two or more fast decay channels in the lower nanosecond range in both solution and thin films. The delayed emission is proposed to be caused by rotational vibrational modes. We suggest that these results are generally applicable, especially for more complex molecules, and should be considered as alternative or competitive emissive relaxation pathways in the field of organic light emitting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix D Goll
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III -, Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Materials, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Schelhorn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III -, Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Materials, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Džiugas Litvinas
- Humboldt Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4-6, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Francisco Tenopala-Carmona
- Humboldt Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4-6, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Lev Kazak
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malte C Gather
- Humboldt Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4-6, 50939, Köln, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, KY16 9SS, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III -, Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Materials, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ziener
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III -, Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Materials, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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6
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Holbrook KL, Badmos S, Habib A, Landa EN, Quaye GE, Pokojovy M, Su X, Lee WY. Investigating the effects of storage conditions on urinary volatilomes for their reliability in disease diagnosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2023; 11:481-499. [PMID: 38148934 PMCID: PMC10749378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer detection presents challenges regarding invasiveness, cost, and reliability. As a result, exploring alternative diagnostic methods holds significant clinical importance. Urinary metabolomic profiling has emerged as a promising avenue; however, its application for cancer diagnosis may be influenced by sample preparation or storage conditions. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the impact of sample storage and processing conditions on urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profiles and establish a robust standard operating procedure (SOP) for such diagnostic applications. METHODS Five key variables were investigated: storage temperatures, durations, freeze-thaw cycles, sample collection conditions, and sample amounts. The analysis of VOCs involved stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SBSE-TD-GC-MS), with compound identification facilitated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology Library (NIST). Extensive statistical analysis, including combined scatterplot and response surface (CSRS) plots, partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and probability density function plots (PDFs), were employed to study the effects of the factors. RESULTS Our findings revealed that urine storage duration, sample amount, temperature, and fasting/non-fasting sample collection did not significantly impact urinary metabolite profiles. This suggests flexibility in urine sample collection conditions, enabling individuals to contribute samples under varying circumstances. However, the influence of freeze-thaw cycles was evident, as VOC profiles exhibited distinct clustering patterns based on the number of cycles. This emphasizes the effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the integrity of urinary profiles. CONCLUSIONS The developed SOP integrating SBSE-TD-GC-MS and statistical analyses can serve as a valuable tool for analyzing urinary organic compounds with minimal preparation and sensitive detection. The findings also support that urinary VOCs for cancer screening and diagnosis could be a feasible alternative offering a robust, non-invasive, and sensitive approach for cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana L Holbrook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Sabur Badmos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Elizabeth Noriega Landa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - George E Quaye
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Michael Pokojovy
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Xiaogang Su
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Wen-Yee Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX 79968, USA
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7
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Paredis S, Cardeynaels T, Brebels S, Deckers J, Kuila S, Lathouwers A, Van Landeghem M, Vandewal K, Danos A, Monkman AP, Champagne B, Maes W. Intramolecular locking and coumarin insertion: a stepwise approach for TADF design. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29842-29849. [PMID: 37888766 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03695b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Three novel TADF (thermally activated delayed fluorescence) emitters based on the well-studied Qx-Ph-DMAC fluorophore are designed and synthesized. The photophysical properties of these materials are studied from a theoretical and experimental point of view, demonstrating the cumulative effects of multiple small modifications that combine to afford significantly improved TADF performance. First, an extra phenyl ring is added to the acceptor part of Qx-Ph-DMAC to increase the conjugation length, resulting in BQx-Ph-DMAC, which acts as an intermediate molecular structure. Next, an electron-deficient coumarin unit is incorporated to fortify the electron accepting ability, affording ChromPy-Ph-DMAC with red-shifted emission. Finally, the conjugated system is further enlarged by 'locking' the molecular structure, generating DBChromQx-DMAC with further red-shifted emission. The addition of the coumarin unit significantly impacts the charge-transfer excited state energy levels with little effect on the locally excited states, resulting in a decrease of the singlet-triplet energy gap. As a result, the two coumarin-based emitters show considerably improved TADF performance in 1 w/w% zeonex films when compared to the initial Qx-Ph-DMAC structure. 'Locking' the molecular structure further lowers the singlet-triplet energy gap, resulting in more efficient reverse intersystem crossing and increasing the contribution of TADF to the total emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Paredis
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Energyville, Thorpark, Genk 3600, Belgium
| | - T Cardeynaels
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Energyville, Thorpark, Genk 3600, Belgium
- University of Namur, Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Rue de Bruxelles 61, Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - S Brebels
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Energyville, Thorpark, Genk 3600, Belgium
| | - J Deckers
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Energyville, Thorpark, Genk 3600, Belgium
| | - S Kuila
- Durham University, Department of Physics, OEM Group, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - A Lathouwers
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Energyville, Thorpark, Genk 3600, Belgium
| | - M Van Landeghem
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Energyville, Thorpark, Genk 3600, Belgium
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Organic Opto-Electronics (OOE), Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - K Vandewal
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Energyville, Thorpark, Genk 3600, Belgium
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Organic Opto-Electronics (OOE), Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - A Danos
- Durham University, Department of Physics, OEM Group, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - A P Monkman
- Durham University, Department of Physics, OEM Group, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - B Champagne
- University of Namur, Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Rue de Bruxelles 61, Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - W Maes
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Energyville, Thorpark, Genk 3600, Belgium
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8
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Li C, Luo Y, Huang Y, Qiu H, Lu Z. A Low-Cost Test Method for Accurate Detection of Different Excited-State Species with a Lifetime Span over 5 Orders of Magnitude in One Time Window. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8150-8155. [PMID: 37155725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantification on the quantum yields (φ) of both the prompt fluorescence (PF) and the delayed fluorescence (DF) species is quite essential for the clarification of molecular design rationales for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) luminogens. Currently, most φPF and φDF data of TADF fluorophores were acquired through time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) lifetime measurement systems. However, because of their equal-time-channel working manner, so far all the commercially available TCSPC systems cannot render accurate measurement on φPF of TADF materials due to the lack of enough valid data points in the faster decay region of the corresponding photoluminescence (PL) decay curves. Although an intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) system equipped with a streak camera or an optical parametric oscillation laser has been proven to be a powerful tool for accurate determination of φPF and φDF of TADF fluorophores, the ultrahigh cost of these ICCD systems makes them inaccessible to most users. Herein, by replacing the timing module of a commercial TCSPC system with a low-cost and versatile time-to-digital converter (TDC) module, we developed a modified TCSPC system that can work in an unequal-time-channel manner. The resultant TDC-TCSPC system can not only concurrently determine the accurate lifetime of PF and DF species whose lifetime span even exceeds 5 orders of magnitude in just one time window but also render accurate measurements on φPF and φDF of TADF fluorophores. The reliability of the TDC-TCSPC method was verified through TCSPC- and ICCD-based comparative experiments on ACMPS, a known TADF fluorophore. Our results not only can provide a low-cost and convenient test method for accurate determination of key experimental data of TADF materials but also will facilitate deeper understanding of the molecular design principles for high-performance TADF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yanju Luo
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Hailin Qiu
- Orient KOJI Limited, Tianjin 300122, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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9
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Qiu W, Liu D, Li M, Cai X, Chen Z, He Y, Liang B, Peng X, Qiao Z, Chen J, Li W, Pu J, Xie W, Wang Z, Li D, Gan Y, Jiao Y, Gu Q, Su SJ. Confining donor conformation distributions for efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence with fast spin-flipping. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2564. [PMID: 37142564 PMCID: PMC10160101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast spin-flipping is the key to exploit the triplet excitons in thermally activated delayed fluorescence based organic light-emitting diodes toward high efficiency, low efficiency roll-off and long operating lifetime. In common donor-acceptor type thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules, the distribution of dihedral angles in the film state would have significant influence on the photo-physical properties, which are usually neglected by researches. Herein, we find that the excited state lifetimes of thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters are subjected to conformation distributions in the host-guest system. Acridine-type flexible donors have a broad conformation distribution or bimodal distribution, in which some conformers feature large singlet-triplet energy gap, leading to long excited state lifetime. Utilization of rigid donors with steric hindrance can restrict the conformation distributions in the film to achieve degenerate singlet and triplet states, which is beneficial to efficient reverse intersystem crossing. Based on this principle, three prototype thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters with confined conformation distributions are developed, achieving high reverse intersystem crossing rate constants greater than 106 s-1, which enable highly efficient solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes with suppressed efficiency roll-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Denghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Mengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yanmei He
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | | | - Xiaomei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jiting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Junrong Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Deli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yiyang Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yihang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.
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Franca L, Danos A, Monkman A. Donor, Acceptor, and Molecular Charge Transfer Emission All in One Molecule. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2764-2771. [PMID: 36897796 PMCID: PMC10041610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular photophysics in the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) spiro-acridine-anthracenone compound, ACRSA, is dominated by the rigid orthogonal spirocarbon bridging bond between the donor and acceptor. This critically decouples the donor and acceptor units, yielding photophysics, which includes (dual) phosphorescence and the molecular charge transfer (CT) states giving rise to TADF, that are dependent upon the excitation wavelength. The molecular singlet CT state can be directly excited, and we propose that supposed "spiro-conjugation" between acridine and anthracenone is more accurately an example of intramolecular through-space charge transfer. In addition, we show that the lowest local and CT triplet states are highly dependent upon spontaneous polarization of the environment, leading to energy reorganization of the triplet states, with the CT triplet becoming lowest in energy, profoundly affecting phosphorescence and TADF, as evident by a (thermally controlled) competition between reverse intersystem crossing and reverse internal conversion, i.e., dual delayed fluorescence (DF) mechanisms.
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