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Gao J, Zhou Y, Xu C, Cheng L. Superatomic Aromaticity in Cyclic Superatomic Molecules: Ligand-Protected Penta-Icosahedral [M@Au 11] 5 (M = Au, Pt) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2982-2988. [PMID: 38578691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Pure or doped gold icosahedra, which can be generally viewed as superatoms, are promising candidates for cluster-assembled structures. As the first large-scale ring-like gold cluster, the report of [Au60Se2(Ph3P)10(SeR)15]+ has arisen much interest, where its Au60 core is composed of five vertex-sharing gold icosahedra in a cyclic way. From electronic characters, this Au60 core is a 40e cyclic penta-superatom network formed by five 8e closed-shell superatoms (S2P6). When more valence electrons are introduced into the penta-superatom network by atomic doping, global delocalized bonds are induced in its bonding framework. In the 42e Au60 core of the [Au60Se2Cl15]- cluster, two extra electrons occupy one delocalized π-bonding orbital formed by super D orbitals of five superatoms, resulting in superatomic π aromaticity. In the 46e [Pt@Au11]5 core of [(Pt@Au11)5Ga2Cl15] cluster, three delocalized super-π bonds are formed, which are organized in the similar way as the aromatic C5H5- molecule. The unveiling of superatomic aromaticity promotes our understanding of the stability of cyclic superatom assemblies and extends the family of superatomic bonding patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yichun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
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Liu Z, Yang Y, Yan Y, Yao X, Zhang F, Jia J, Li Y. Structural and Chemical Bonding Properties of AuS 2H 0/-: A Photoelectron Velocity-Map Imaging Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1646-1655. [PMID: 38414332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Mass-selected photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy was employed to investigate the geometrical and electronic properties of AuS2H-/0. The comprehensive comparison between the experiment and theoretical calculations establishes that the ground-state AuS2H- anion has a mixed-ligand structure [SAuSH]- with an unsymmetrical S-Au-S unit. Further chemical bonding analyses on AuS2H and comparison with the isoelectronic AuS2- suggest that the unique S-Au-S unit in these species features two three-center, three-electron π-bonding, and one three-center, two-electron σ-bonding. The isoelectronic replacement of the extra electron in AuS2- by the H atom can lead to σ bonding evolution from the electron-sharing bond to the dative bond. These findings are conducive to the fundamental understanding of the intrinsic stability of thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters and their delicate ligand design to achieve desirable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Liu
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, The Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, The Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Yan
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, The Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Yao
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, The Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, The Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials, The Ministry of Education, Shanxi Normal University. No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Li
- School of Geographical Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, People's Republic of China
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Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Muñoz-Castro A. Ligand-free supermolecules: [Pd 2@Ge 18] 4- and [Pd 2@Sn 18] 4- as multiple-bonded Zintl-ion clusters based on Pd@Ge 9 and Pd@Sn 9 assembled units. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38436401 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding intercluster bonding interactions is important in the rational synthesis of building blocks for molecular materials. Such characteristics have been developed for coinage metal clusters resembling single-, double-, and triple-bonded species, coined as supermolecules. Herein, we extend such an approach for understanding main-group clusters, thus evaluating [Pd2@E18]4- clusters (E = Ge, Sn) involving the fusion of parent spherical aromatic [Pd@E12]2- building units. Our results indicate intercluster bonding provided by contribution from 2P and 1G shells centered at each building motif, leading to an overall bond order of 2.70 and 2.31 for [Pd2@Ge18]4- and [Pd2@Sn18]4-, respectively. In addition, 119Sn-NMR patterns were evaluated to complement the experimental characterization of a single peak owing to the insolution fluxional behavior of [Pd2@Sn18]4- as three peaks owing to the three sets of unique Sn atoms within the structure. Magnetic response properties revealed that spherical aromatic characteristics from parent [Pd@E12]2- building units are retained in the overall [Pd2@E18]4- oblate cluster as two spherical aromatic units. Hence, the notion of superatomic molecules is extended to Zintl-ion clusters, favoring further rationalization for the fabrication of cluster-assembled solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
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Muñoz-Castro A. Second-order superatoms: Au 52-PAP featuring a three-dimensional cluster-of-clusters core. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17696-17700. [PMID: 37990872 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02693k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent characterization of Au52-PAP cluster can be viewed as a three-dimensional arrangement featuring four Au13 motifs. As a result, a new set of superatomic orbitals are built up from the superatomic shell of each constituent unit, denoted by 1S'21P'62S'21D'102P'61F'6 and, thus, referred to as a second-order superatomic shell structure. This favors the rationalization of larger species toward the formation of cluster-assembled materials of different sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
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Li D, Yan C, Yuan Q, Shi L, Cheng L. Unraveling the flexible aromaticity of C 13H 9+/0/-: a 2D superatomic-molecule theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8439-8445. [PMID: 36916456 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Phenalenyl (C13H9) is the smallest triangular unit of a graphene nanosheet, and has been experimentally verified to be stable in radical (C13H9˙), cationic (C13H9+), and anionic (C13H9-) states. All these three species feature high symmetry and stability as well as delocalized π electrons, a visible sign of aromaticity, but their aromatic origin remains a challenge. This work reports new chemical insights into the π electrons of C13H9+/0/- and deciphers their aromaticity using a recently emerged two-dimensional (2D) superatomic-molecule theory. 12π-C13H9+, 13π-C13H9˙, and 14π-C13H9- are seen as triangular 2D superatomic molecules ◊O3, ◊O3-, and ◊O32-, respectively, where ◊O denotes a 2D benzenoid superatom bearing 4 π electrons. Visualized superatomic Lewis structures show that each ◊O can dynamically adjust its π electrons to satisfy the superatomic sextet rule of benzene via superatomic lone pairs and covalent bonds. C13H9+/0/- are representatives of adaptive aromaticity in the 2D superatomic-molecule system, exhibiting flexible π electronic structures to achieve shell-closure. Moreover, we specially adopt a progressive methodology to study the evolution of 2D periodic materials, by applying this theory to the similar family of C6H3N7, C18H6N22 and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) crystals, and meanwhile accounting for the special stability of g-C3N4. This work enriches 2D superatomic bonding chemistry and provides a useful strategy to design new 2D functional nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Chen Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Qinqin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Lili Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
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