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Mallette AJ, Shilpa K, Rimer JD. The Current Understanding of Mechanistic Pathways in Zeolite Crystallization. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3416-3493. [PMID: 38484327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Zeolite catalysts and adsorbents have been an integral part of many commercial processes and are projected to play a significant role in emerging technologies to address the changing energy and environmental landscapes. The ability to rationally design zeolites with tailored properties relies on a fundamental understanding of crystallization pathways to strategically manipulate processes of nucleation and growth. The complexity of zeolite growth media engenders a diversity of crystallization mechanisms that can manifest at different synthesis stages. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of classical and nonclassical pathways associated with the formation of (alumino)silicate zeolites. We begin with a brief overview of zeolite history and seminal advancements, followed by a comprehensive discussion of different classes of zeolite precursors with respect to their methods of assembly and physicochemical properties. The following two sections provide detailed discussions of nucleation and growth pathways wherein we emphasize general trends and highlight specific observations for select zeolite framework types. We then close with conclusions and future outlook to summarize key hypotheses, current knowledge gaps, and potential opportunities to guide zeolite synthesis toward a more exact science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Mallette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Kumari Shilpa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Mallette AJ, Espindola G, Varghese N, Rimer JD. Highly efficient synthesis of zeolite chabazite using cooperative hydration-mismatched inorganic structure-directing agents. Chem Sci 2024; 15:573-583. [PMID: 38179517 PMCID: PMC10763616 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05625b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chabazite (CHA type) zeolite is notoriously difficult to synthesize in the absence of organic structure-directing agents owing to long synthesis times and/or impurity formation. The ability to tailor organic-free syntheses of zeolites is additionally challenging due to the lack of molecular level understanding of zeolite nucleation and growth pathways, particularly the role of inorganic cations. In this study, we reveal that zeolite CHA can be synthesized using six different combinations of inorganic cations, including the first reported seed- and organic-free synthesis without the presence of potassium. We show that lithium, when present in small quantities, is an effective accelerant of CHA crystallization; and that ion pairings can markedly reduce synthesis times and temperatures, while expanding the design space of zeolite CHA formation in comparison to conventional methods utilizing potassium as the sole structure-directing agent. Herein, we posit the effects of cation pairings on zeolite CHA crystallization are related to their hydrated ionic radii. We also emphasize the broader implications for considering the solvated structure and cooperative role of inorganic cations in zeolite synthesis within the context of the reported findings for chabazite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Mallette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston 4226 Martin Luther King Boulevard Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Gabriel Espindola
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston 4226 Martin Luther King Boulevard Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Nathan Varghese
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston 4226 Martin Luther King Boulevard Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston 4226 Martin Luther King Boulevard Houston TX 77204 USA
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Hu P, Deguchi M, Yamada H, Kobayashi K, Ohara K, Sukenaga S, Ando M, Shibata H, Machida A, Yanaba Y, Liu Z, Okubo T, Wakihara T. Revealing the evolution of local structures in the formation process of alkaline earth metal cation-containing zeolites from glasses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:116-122. [PMID: 38059533 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04954j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline earth metal cations are ubiquitously present in natural zeolites but less exploited in synthetic zeolites due to their low solubility in water, and hence it remains elusive how they contribute to zeolite formation. Herein, harmotome, a PHI-type zeolite with Ba2+, is readily synthesized from a Ba-containing aluminosilicate glass. This glass-to-zeolite transformation process, in particular the structure-regulating role of Ba2+, is investigated by anomalous X-ray scattering and high-energy X-ray total scattering techniques. The results demonstrate that the steady Ba2+-aluminosilicate interactions not only help prevent the precipitation of barium species under alkaline synthetic conditions, but also dictate the local structures with distinct interatomic distances between the Ba2+ and the surrounding aluminosilicate species throughout the transformation process, which lead to the successful formation of harmotome without detectable impurities. This study highlights the usefulness of the comprehensive X-ray scattering techniques in revealing the formation scheme of the zeolites containing specific metal species. In addition, a promising alternative approach to design and synthesize zeolites with unique compositions and topologies by using well-crafted glasses with suitable metal cation dopants is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidong Hu
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Makiko Deguchi
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamada
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- Faculty of Materials for Energy, Shimane University, 1060 Nishi-Kawatsu-cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kobayashi
- Faculty of Materials for Energy, Shimane University, 1060 Nishi-Kawatsu-cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Koji Ohara
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- Faculty of Materials for Energy, Shimane University, 1060 Nishi-Kawatsu-cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Sohei Sukenaga
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mariko Ando
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-04 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shibata
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Akihiko Machida
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yanaba
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okubo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Toru Wakihara
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Prodinger S, Berdiell IC, Cordero-Lanzac T, Bygdnes OR, Solemsli BG, Kvande K, Arstad B, Beato P, Olsbye U, Svelle S. Cation-induced speciation of port-size during mordenite zeolite synthesis. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:21884-21894. [PMID: 38013680 PMCID: PMC10581370 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta03444e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Mordenite (MOR) zeolite, an important industrial catalyst exists in two, isostructural variants defined by their port-size, small and large-port. Here we show for the first time how a systematic, single-parameter variation influences the synthesis out-come on the final MOR material leading to distinctly different catalysts. The cation identity has a direct impact on the synthesis mechanism with potassium cations generating the more constrained, small-port MOR variant compared to the large-port obtained with sodium cations. This was expressed by different degrees of accessibility ascertained with a combination of toluene breakthrough and temperature programmed desorption (TPD), propylamine TPD, as well as sterically sensitive isobutane conversion. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffractograms elucidated the preferential siting of the smaller sodium cations in the constricted 8-ring, from which differences in Al distribution follow. Note, there are no organic structure directing agents utilized in this synthesis pointing at the important role of inorganic structure directing agents (ISDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prodinger
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Izar Capel Berdiell
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Tomas Cordero-Lanzac
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Odd Reidar Bygdnes
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Bjørn Gading Solemsli
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Karoline Kvande
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | | | - Pablo Beato
- Topsøe A/S Haldor Topsøes Allé 1 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Unni Olsbye
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Stian Svelle
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
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