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Sohn M, Baptiste L, Quass K, Settels V, Herzog B. Photokinetics of oil soluble 1,3,5-Triazine UV filters in combination with Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane or with Diethylamino Hydroxybenzoyl Hexyl Benzoate. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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2
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Mubeen M, Khalid MA, Mukhtar M, Shahrum S, Zahra S, Shabbir S, Iqbal A. Elucidating the Photoluminescence Quenching in Ensulizole: an Artificial Water Soluble Sunscreen. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:1055-1063. [PMID: 33956267 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Employing natural or artificial sunscreens is essential to protect the skin from ultraviolet radiations that cause premature aging and develop melanoma and other forms of skin cancer. The 2-Phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, commonly known as ensulizole is a water-soluble artificial sunscreen that absorb UV-B (280 nm - 315 nm) radiations and protects the skin against the harmful effects of these radiations. We have measured steady-state photoluminescence (SSPL) spectra and photoluminescence (PL) kinetics of this compound in various conditions. Steady-state absorption indicates a strong absorption feature at 303 nm and a weak one at 316 nm that have been identified as π → π* and n → π* transitions, respectively. The spectra of PL induced by these absorptions indicate that the PL of ensulizole is less Stokes-shifted in polar solvents and more Stokes-shifted in non-polar solvents. The average PL lifetime of ensulizole is longer in non-polar solvents than in polar solvents and it exhibits the shortest PL lifetime in aqueous medium that maximize its transition efficiency in water. This suggests in non-polar solvents intersystem crossing is the dominant mode of relaxation of the excited ππ* state. Furthermore, an increase of pH of ensulizole solution decreases the PL intensity and the lifetime. Stern-Volmer equation is employed to evaluate bimolecular quenching rate constant kq. The evaluation result suggests the diffusional dynamic mode of PL quenching is operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mubeen
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Maria Mukhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saba Shahrum
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Shanila Zahra
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saima Shabbir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Popiół J, Gunia-Krzyżak A, Słoczyńska K, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Piska K, Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Żelaszczyk D, Krupa A, Żmudzki P, Marona H, Pękala E. The Involvement of Xanthone and ( E)-Cinnamoyl Chromophores for the Design and Synthesis of Novel Sunscreening Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E34. [PMID: 33375127 PMCID: PMC7792956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive UV exposure contributes to several pathological conditions like skin burns, erythema, premature skin aging, photodermatoses, immunosuppression, and skin carcinogenesis. Effective protection from UV radiation may be achieved with the use of sunscreens containing UV filters. Currently used UV filters are characterized by some limitations including systemic absorption, endocrine disruption, skin allergy induction, and cytotoxicity. In the research centers all over the world new molecules are developed to improve the safety, photostability, solubility, and absorption profile of new derivatives. In our study, we designed and synthesized seventeen novel molecules by combining in the structures two chromophores: xanthone and (E)-cinnamoyl moiety. The ultraviolet spectroscopic properties of the tested compounds were confirmed in chloroform solutions. They acted as UVB or UVA/UVB absorbers. The most promising compound 9 (6-methoxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthen-2-yl)methyl (E)-3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate) absorbed UV radiation in the range 290-369 nm. Its photoprotective activity and functional photostability were further evaluated after wet milling and incorporation in the cream base. This tested formulation with compound 9 possessed very beneficial UV protection parameters (SPFin vitro of 19.69 ± 0.46 and UVA PF of 12.64 ± 0.32) which were similar as broad-spectrum UV filter tris-biphenyl triazine. Additionally, compound 9 was characterized by high values of critical wavelength (381 nm) and UVA/UVB ratio (0.830) thus it was a good candidate for broad-spectrum UV filter and it might protect skin against UVA-induced photoaging. Compound 9 were also shown to be photostable, non-cytotoxic at concentrations up to 50 µM when tested on five cell lines, and non-mutagenic in Ames test. It also possessed no estrogenic activity, according to the results of MCF-7 breast cancer model. Additionally, its favorable lipophilicity (miLogP = 5.62) does not predispose it to penetrate across the skin after topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (K.S.); (P.K.-A.); (K.P.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (D.Ż.); (H.M.)
| | - Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (K.S.); (P.K.-A.); (K.P.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (K.S.); (P.K.-A.); (K.P.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (K.S.); (P.K.-A.); (K.P.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (K.S.); (P.K.-A.); (K.P.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (D.Ż.); (H.M.)
| | - Anna Krupa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (D.Ż.); (H.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (K.S.); (P.K.-A.); (K.P.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
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Bacardit A, Cartoixà X. Revisiting the Role of Irradiance in the Determination of Sunscreens' Sun Protection Factor. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1209-1214. [PMID: 32075378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of a sunscreen tends to be associated with its sun protection factor (SPF) value, a figure determined in a test that relies on the independence of the SPF value to both UV radiation dose and irradiance. We probe these assumptions when photoinduced product degradation is present, and we estimate that the theoretical limit for their validity is when the sunfilter active molecule relaxation time is faster than ∼10 ns. While such threshold relaxation time should be compatible with the expected ultrafast relaxation mechanisms of sunfilter molecules (picoseconds), recent research on sunfilter photodynamics has identified the existence of much longer-lived molecular states. Such long lifetimes could compromise sunscreen performance and make the SPF value very different in natural sun irradiance conditions than in the solar simulated conditions typically used in SPF determination tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Cartoixà
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès , Spain
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Lykhin AO, Varganov SA. Intersystem crossing in tunneling regime: T 1 → S 0 relaxation in thiophosgene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5500-5508. [PMID: 32101195 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06956a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The T1 excited state relaxation in thiophosgene has attracted much attention as a relatively simple model for the intersystem crossing (ISC) transitions in polyatomic molecules. The very short (20-40 ps) T1 lifetime predicted in several theoretical studies strongly disagrees with the experimental values (∼20 ns) indicating that the kinetics of T1 → S0 ISC is not well understood. We use the nonadiabatic transition state theory (NA-TST) with the Zhu-Nakamura transition probability and the multireference perturbation theory (CASPT2) to show that the T1 → S0 ISC occurs in the quantum tunneling regime. We also introduce a new zero-point vibrational energy correction scheme that improves the accuracy of the predicted ISC rate constants at low internal energies. The predicted lifetimes of the T1 vibrational states are between one and two orders of magnitude larger than the experimental values. This overestimation is attributed to the multidimensional nature of quantum tunneling that facilitates ISC transitions along the non-minimum energy path and is not accounted for in the one-dimensional NA-TST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr O Lykhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, USA.
| | - Sergey A Varganov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, USA.
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Holt EL, Stavros VG. Applications of ultrafast spectroscopy to sunscreen development, from first principles to complex mixtures. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2019.1663062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Holt
- Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Losantos R, Lamas I, Montero R, Longarte A, Sampedro D. Photophysical characterization of new and efficient synthetic sunscreens. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:11376-11384. [PMID: 31111130 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01267b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The photoprotective capabilities of a family of compounds have been investigated. Their relaxation mechanisms have been explored by fluorescence and transient absorption measurements, and the minimum energy relaxation pathways were modeled by CASSCF/CASPT2 methods. This study demonstrates their excellent properties as sunscreens, and provides novel mechanistic insights for the rational design of new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Losantos
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios, 53, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - Iker Lamas
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apart. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Raúl Montero
- SGIker Laser Facility, UPV/EHU, Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Longarte
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apart. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios, 53, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
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Staniforth M, Quan WD, Karsili TNV, Baker LA, O’Reilly RK, Stavros VG. First Step toward a Universal Fluorescent Probe: Unravelling the Photodynamics of an Amino–Maleimide Fluorophore. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6357-6365. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Staniforth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Wen-Dong Quan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Molecular
Organization and Assembly of Cells Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Tolga N. V. Karsili
- Department
of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse
4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Lewis A. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Molecular
Organization and Assembly of Cells Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilios G. Stavros
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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