Tuning Adsorption Duration To Control the Diffusion of a Nanoparticle in Adsorbing Polymers

Regulating transport efficiency through the nuclear pore complex: The role of binding affinity with FG-Nups

Macromolecules are transported through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) via a series of transient binding and unbinding events with FG-Nups, which are intrinsically disordered proteins anchored to the pore's inner wall. Prior studies suggest that the weak and transient nature of this binding is crucial for maintaining the transported molecules' diffusivity. In this study, we explored the relationship between binding kinetics and transport efficiency using Brownian dynamics simulations. Our results indicate that the duration of binding is a critical factor in regulating transport efficiency. Specifically, excessively short binding durations insufficiently facilitate transport, while overly long durations impede molecular movement. We calculated the optimal binding duration for efficient molecular transport and found that it aligns with other theoretical predictions. Additionally, the calculated value is comparable to experimental measurements of the association timescale between nuclear transport receptors and FG-Nups at a single binding site. Our study provides a quantitative framework that bridges local molecular interactions with overall transport dynamics through the NPC, offering valuable insights into the mechanisms governing selective molecular transport.

Rheological Role of Stiff Nanorings on Concurrently Strengthening and Toughening Polymer Nanocomposites

Nanorings, which are increasingly uncovered in natural systems and synthesized in man-made materials, exhibit dynamics distinct from those known for linear chains. We show in this study that, when immersed in a polymer melt matrix, segments of a stiff nanoring (SNR) have more facilitated subdiffusion, i.e., with a larger scaling exponent in the mean squared displacement, than those belonging to one flexible counterpart, while the whole SNR is more suppressed by its surroundings. It is revealed that adding SNRs contributes to achieving the long-anticipated rheological objective of sol- and gel-like characteristics at high and low shearing frequencies, respectively. This study suggests the promising prospect of exploiting SNRs to concurrently strengthen and toughen target polymer nanocomposites.

Diffusion of polymer-grafted nanoparticles with dynamical fluctuations in unentangled polymer melts

The dynamics of polymer-grafted nanoparticles (PGNPs) in melts of unentangled linear chains were investigated by means of coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. The results demonstrated that the graft monomers closer to the particle surface relax more slowly than those farther away due to the constraint of the grafted surface and the confinement of the neighboring chains. Such heterogeneous relaxations of the surrounding environment would perturb the particle motion, making them fluctuating around their centers before they can diffuse through the melt. During such intermediate-time stage, the dynamics is subdiffusive while the distribution of particle displacements is Gaussian, which can be described by the popular fractional Brownian motion model. For the long-time Fickian diffusion, we found that the diffusivity D decreases with increasing grafting density Σ_g, grafted chain length N_g, and matrix chain length N_m. This is due to the fact that the diffusivity is controlled by the viscous drag of an effective core, consisting of the NP and the non-draining layer of graft segments, and that of the free-draining graft layer outside the "core". With increasing Σ_g, the PGNPs become harder with greater effective size and thinner free draining layer, resulting in a reduction in D. At extremely high Σ_g, the diffusivity can even be estimated by the diameter-renormalized Stokes-Einstein (SE) relation. With increasing N_g, both the effective core size and the thickness of the free-draining layer increase, leading to a reduction in diffusivity by D ∼ N-γg with 0.5 < γ < 1. Increasing N_m would lead to the enlargement of the effective core size but meanwhile result in the reduction of the free-draining layer thickness due to autophobic dewetting. The counteraction between these two opposite effects leads to only a slight reduction in the diffusivity, significantly different from the typical SE behavior where D ∼ N_m^-1. These findings bear significance in unraveling the fundamental physics of the anomalous dynamics of PGNPs in various polymers, including biological and synthetic.

Physics of the Nuclear Pore Complex: Theory, Modeling and Experiment

The hallmark of eukaryotic cells is the nucleus that contains the genome, enclosed by a physical barrier known as the nuclear envelope (NE). On the one hand, this compartmentalization endows the eukaryotic cells with high regulatory complexity and flexibility. On the other hand, it poses a tremendous logistic and energetic problem of transporting millions of molecules per second across the nuclear envelope, to facilitate their biological function in all compartments of the cell. Therefore, eukaryotes have evolved a molecular "nanomachine" known as the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC). Embedded in the nuclear envelope, NPCs control and regulate all the bi-directional transport between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. NPCs combine high molecular specificity of transport with high throughput and speed, and are highly robust with respect to molecular noise and structural perturbations. Remarkably, the functional mechanisms of NPC transport are highly conserved among eukaryotes, from yeast to humans, despite significant differences in the molecular components among various species. The NPC is the largest macromolecular complex in the cell. Yet, despite its significant complexity, it has become clear that its principles of operation can be largely understood based on fundamental physical concepts, as have emerged from a combination of experimental methods of molecular cell biology, biophysics, nanoscience and theoretical and computational modeling. Indeed, many aspects of NPC function can be recapitulated in artificial mimics with a drastically reduced complexity compared to biological pores. We review the current physical understanding of the NPC architecture and function, with the focus on the critical analysis of experimental studies in cells and artificial NPC mimics through the lens of theoretical and computational models. We also discuss the connections between the emerging concepts of NPC operation and other areas of biophysics and bionanotechnology.

Chain stiffness boosts active nanoparticle transport in polymer networks

Recent advances in technologies such as nanomanufacturing and nanorobotics have opened new pathways for the design of active nanoparticles (NPs) capable of penetrating biolayers for biomedical applications, e.g., for drug delivery. The coupling and feedback between active NP motility (with large stochastic increments relative to passive NPs) and the induced nonequilibrium deformation and relaxation responses of the polymer network, spanning scales from the NP to the local structure of the network, remain to be clarified. Using molecular dynamics simulations, combined with a Rouse mode analysis of network chains and position and velocity autocorrelation functions of the NPs, we demonstrate that the mobility of active NPs within cross-linked, concentrated polymer networks is a monotonically increasing function of chain stiffness, contrary to passive NPs, for which chain stiffness suppresses mobility. In flexible networks, active NPs exhibit a behavior similar to passive NPs, with a boost in mobility proportional to the self-propulsion force. These results are suggestive of design strategies for active NP penetration of stiff biopolymer matrices.

Nanoparticle Loading of Unentangled Polymers Induces Entanglement-Like Relaxation Modes and a Broad Sol-Gel Transition

We combine molecular dynamics simulations, imaging and data analysis, and the Green-Kubo summation formula for the relaxation modulus G(t) to elicit the structure and rheology of unentangled polymer-nanoparticle composites distinguished by small NPs and strong NP-monomer attraction, ε_NPM ≫ k_BT. A reptation-like plateau emerges in G(t) beyond a terminal relaxation time scale as the volume fraction, c_NP, of NPs increases, coincident with a structure transition. A condensed phase of NP-aggregates forms, tightly interlaced with thin sheets of polymer chains, the remaining phase consisting of free chains void of NPs. Rouse mode analyses are applied to the two individual phases, revealing that long-wavelength Rouse modes in the aggregate phase are the source of reptation-like relaxation. Imaging reveals chain motion confined within the thin sheets between NPs and exhibits a 2D analogue of classical reptation. In the NP-free phase, Rouse modes relax indistinguishable from a neat polymer melt. The Fourier transform of G(t) reveals a sol-gel transition across a broad frequency spectrum, tuned by c_NP and ε_NPM above critical thresholds, below which all structure and rheological transitions vanish.

A simulation study on the glass transition behavior and relevant segmental dynamics in free-standing polymer nanocomposite films

In polymer/nanoparticle composite (PNC) thin films, polymer chains experience strong confinement effects not only at the free surface area but also from nanoparticles (NPs). In this work, the influence of NP-polymer interaction and NP distribution on the polymer segmental dynamics and the glass transition behavior of PNC free-standing films are investigated through molecular dynamics simulations. We demonstrate that NPs will migrate to the film surface area and form an NP-concentrated layer when NP-polymer interactions are weak, while NPs are well dispersed in the bulk region when NP-polymer interactions are strong. In both cases, we find increases in the glass transition temperature Tg compared with the pure film without NPs, although with a different degree. The weakly interacting system has the same Tg as the pure bulk system without NPs. The NP layer formed at the surface area reduces both the mobility of the surface polymer beads and the mobility gradient in the film normal direction (MGFND), therefore resulting in an increase in the Tg which highlights the vital role of the mobile surface layer. In contrast, the NPs in the bulk region enlarge the MGFND. NPs have opposite influences on the polymer bead dynamic anisotropy when they interact weakly or strongly with polymers, weakened for the former and enhanced for the latter. These findings offer a clear picture of the segmental dynamics and glass transition behavior in free-standing PNC films with different NP-polymer interaction strengths. We hope these results will be helpful for the property design of related materials.

Shear-induced parallel and transverse alignments of cylinders in thin films of diblock copolymers

Coarse-grained Langevin dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the alignment behavior of monolayer films of cylinder-forming diblock copolymers under steady shear, a structure of significant importance for many technical applications such as nanopatterning. The influences of shear conditions, the interactions involved in the films, and the initial morphology of the cylinder-forming phase were examined. Our results showed that above a critical shear rate, the cylinders can align either along the shearing direction or transverse (log-rolling) to the shearing direction depending on the relative strength between the interchain attraction in the cylinders (εAA) and the surface attraction of the confining walls with the film (εBW). To understand the underlying mechanism, the microscopic properties of the films under shear were systematically investigated. It was found that at low εAA/εBW, the majority blocks of the diblock polymer that are adsorbed on the confining walls prefer to move synchronously with the walls, inducing the cylinder-forming blocks to align along the flow direction. When εAA/εBW is above a threshold value, a strong attraction between the cylinder-forming blocks restrains their movement during shear, leading to the log-rolling motions of the cylinders. To predict the threshold εAA/εBW, we developed an approach based on equilibrium thermodynamics data and found good agreement with our shear simulations.

Translational and rotational dynamics of an ultra-thin nanorod probe particle in linear polymer melts

Translational and rotational dynamics of a single rigid ultra-thin nanorod probe particle in linear polymer melts are investigated using coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations.