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Aghajani M, Dabiri M. Ultrasound-assisted Cu(II) Strecker-functionalized organocatalyst for green azide-alkyne cycloaddition and Ullmann reactions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12141. [PMID: 38802456 PMCID: PMC11130308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A new aminonitrile-functionalized Fe3O4 has been synthesized via the Strecker reaction, the designed aminonitrile ligand on the surface of the magnetic core coordinated to copper(II) to obtain the final new catalyst. The fabricated nanocatalyst was characterized by Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The high tendency of nitrogens in the aminonitrile functional group to make a complex with Cu(II) has caused the practical activity of this nucleus in this catalyst. This nanocatalyst performance was investigated in azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition (3 + 2) reaction for achieving to 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in water as a green media at room temperature. In another try, Classic Ullmann Reaction was investigated for the synthesis of biaryls at 85 °C promoted by ultrasonic condition (37 kHz). The reaction scope was explored using different reactants and the results of using this developed catalytic system demonstrated its capacity to reduce the reaction time and enhance the reaction efficiency to provide good to excellent product yield. Conversely, the simple recycling and reusability of this catalyst for at least six times without any noticeable leaching of copper makes it a potential future catalyst for synthesizing such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Aghajani
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Oil, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Minoo Dabiri
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Oil, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Islamic Republic of Iran
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2
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Yamaguchi R, Hosomi T, Otani M, Nagashima K, Takahashi T, Zhang G, Kanai M, Masai H, Terao J, Yanagida T. Maximizing Conversion of Surface Click Reactions for Versatile Molecular Modification on Metal Oxide Nanowires. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5172-5179. [PMID: 33890792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Click reactions (e.g., Huisgen cycloaddition) on metal oxide nanostructures offer a versatile and robust surface molecular modification for various applications because they form strong covalent bonds in a wide range of molecular substrates. This study reports a rational strategy to maximize the conversion rate of surface click reactions on single-crystalline ZnO nanowires by monitoring the reaction progress. p-Polarized multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry (pMAIRS) and Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were employed to monitor the reaction progress of an azide-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on single-crystalline ZnO nanowires. Although various reaction parameters including the concentration of Cu(I) catalysts, triazolyl ligands, solvents, and target alkynes were systematically examined for the surface click reactions, 10-30% of terminal azide on the nanowire surface remained unreacted. Temperature-dependent FT-IR measurements revealed that such unreacted residual azides deteriorate the thermal stability of the nanowire molecular layer. To overcome this observed conversion limitation of click reactions on nanostructure surfaces, we considered the steric hindrance around the closely packed SAM reaction points, then experimented with dispersing the azide moiety into a methyl-terminated SAM. The mixed-SAM method significantly improved the azide conversion rate to almost 100%. This reaction method enables the construction of spatially patterned molecular surface modifications on metal oxide nanowire arrays without detrimental unreacted azide groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimon Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takuro Hosomi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masaya Otani
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Guozhu Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masaki Kanai
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanagida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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Luy JN, Tonner R. Complementary Base Lowers the Barrier in SuFEx Click Chemistry for Primary Amine Nucleophiles. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31432-31439. [PMID: 33324855 PMCID: PMC7726939 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) reaction is an emerging scheme for connecting molecular building blocks. Due to its broad functional group tolerance and rather stable resulting linkage, it is seeing rapid adoption in various fields of chemistry. Still, to date the reaction mechanism is poorly understood, which hampers further development. Here, we show that the mechanism of the SuFEx reaction for the prototypical example of methanesulfonyl fluoride reacting with methylamine can be understood as an SN2-type reaction. By analyzing the reaction path with the help of density functional theory in vacuo and under consideration of solvent and co-reactant influence, we identify the often used complementary base as a crucial ingredient to lower the reaction barrier significantly by increasing the nucleophilicity of the primary amine. With the help of energy decomposition analysis at the transition state structures, we quantify the underlying stereoelectronic effects and propose new avenues for experimental exploration of the potential of SuFEx chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Niclas Luy
- Institut für Physikalische
und Theoretische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Tonner
- Institut für Physikalische
und Theoretische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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4
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He C, Cai X, Wei SH, Janotti A, Teplyakov AV. Self-Catalyzed Sensitization of CuO Nanowires via a Solvent-free Click Reaction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:14539-14545. [PMID: 33238708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in organic surface sensitization of metal oxide nanomaterials focused on two-step approaches with the first step providing a convenient functionalized chemical "hook", such as an alkyne functionality connected to a carboxylic group in prop-2-ynoic acid. The second step then took advantage of copper-catalyzed click chemistry to deliver the desired structure (such as benzyl or perylene) attached to an azide to react with the surface-bound alkyne. The use of this approach on CuO not only resulted in a successful morphology preserving chemical modification but also has demonstrated that surface Cu(I) can be obtained during the process and promote a surface-catalyzed click reaction without additional copper catalyst. Here, it is demonstrated that this surface-catalyzed chemistry can be performed on a surface of the CuO nanomaterial without a solvent, as a "dry click" reaction, as confirmed with spectroscopic and microscopic investigations with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy. Computational studies provided instructive information on the interaction between the surface prop-2-yonate and azide functional group to better understand the mechanism of this surface-catalyzed click reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Xuefen Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Su-Huai Wei
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Anderson Janotti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Andrew V Teplyakov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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5
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Harmer R, Fan H, Lloyd K, Doble S, Avenoso J, Yan H, Rego LGC, Gundlach L, Galoppini E. Synthesis and Properties of Perylene-Bridge-Anchor Chromophoric Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6330-6343. [PMID: 32654486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The quest to control chromophore/semiconductor properties to enable new technologies in energy and information science requires detailed understanding of charge carrier dynamics at the atomistic level, which can often be attained through the use of model systems. Perylene-bridge-anchor compounds are successful models for studying fundamental charge transfer processes on TiO2, which remains among the most commonly investigated and technologically important interfaces, mostly because of perylene's advantageous electronic and optical properties. Nonetheless, the ability to fully exploit synthetically the substitution pattern of perylene with linker (= bridge-anchor) units remains little explored. Here we developed 2,5-di-tert-butylperylene (DtBuPe)-bridge-anchor compounds with t-Bu group substituents to prevent π-stacking and one or two linker units in both the peri and ortho positions, by employing a combination of Friedel-Crafts alkylations, bromination, iridium-catalyzed borylation, and palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Photophysical characterization and computational analysis by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) were carried out on four DtBuPe acrylic acid derivatives with a single or a double linker in peri (12b), ortho (15b), peri,peri (18b), and ortho,ortho (21b). The energies of the unoccupied orbitals {LUMO, LUMO + 1, LUMO + 2} are strongly affected by the presence of a π-conjugated linker, resulting in a stabilization of these states and a red shift of their absorption and emission spectra, as well as the loss of vibronic structure in the spectrum of the peri,peri compound, consistent with the strong bonding character of this substitution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Harmer
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Katherine Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Samantha Doble
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joseph Avenoso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Luis G C Rego
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, South Carolina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Lars Gundlach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Elena Galoppini
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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6
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Saric I, Peter R, Kolympadi Markovic M, Jelovica Badovinac I, Rogero C, Ilyn M, Knez M, AmbroŽić G. Introducing the concept of pulsed vapor phase copper-free surface click-chemistry using the ALD technique. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3109-3112. [PMID: 30789176 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00367c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time on a pulsed vapor phase copper-free azide-alkyne click reaction on ZnO by using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) process technology. This reproducible and fast method is based on an in situ two-step reaction consisting of sequential exposures of ZnO to propiolic acid and benzyl azide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Saric
- Department of Physics and Centre for Micro- and Nanosciences and Technologies University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Konh M, He C, Li Z, Bai S, Galoppini E, Gundlach L, Teplyakov AV. Comparison of ZnO surface modification with gas-phase propiolic acid at high and medium vacuum conditions. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. A, VACUUM, SURFACES, AND FILMS : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VACUUM SOCIETY 2018; 36:041404. [PMID: 29983480 PMCID: PMC6026025 DOI: 10.1116/1.5031945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in preservation of the morphology of ZnO nanostructures during dye sensitization required the use of a two-step preparation procedure. The first step was the key for preserving ZnO materials morphology. It required exposing clean ZnO nanostructures to a gas-phase prop-2-ynoic acid (propiolic acid) in vacuum. This step resulted in the formation of a robust and stable surface-bound carboxylate with ethynyl groups available for further modification, for example, with click chemistry. This paper utilizes spectroscopic and microscopic investigations to answer several questions about this modification and to determine if the process can be performed under medium vacuum conditions instead of high vacuum procedures reported earlier. Comparing the results of the preparation process at medium vacuum of 0.5 Torr base pressure with the previously reported investigations of the same process in high vacuum of 10-5 Torr suggests that both processes lead to the formation of the same surface species, confirming that the proposed modification scheme can be widely applicable for ZnO sensitization procedures and does not require the use of high vacuum. Additional analysis comparing the computationally predicted surface structures with the results of spectroscopic investigations yields the more complete description of the surface species resulting from this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Konh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Zhengxin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Shi Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Elena Galoppini
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Lars Gundlach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Andrew V Teplyakov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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