Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Promote Pyrolysis of Free-Base Phthalocyanine

Lanthanide Atoms Induce Strong Graphene Sheet Distortion When Adsorbed on Stone-Wales Defects

Local curvature in graphene can enhance its reactivity and catalytic activity and can be induced by the adsorption of certain chemical species. By employing periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we demonstrate that significant local curvature can be systematically observed when lanthanide atoms (the full series from La to Lu) are adsorbed on the Stone-Wales (SW) defect in graphene, contrary to that in defect-free graphene. Despite the typical high coordination numbers of lanthanide species, their hapticity is always η2 (and not η5, η6, or η7), where Ln atoms are adsorbed on the (7,7) junction, forming relatively short Ln···C separations. Contrary to the pristine graphene, the SW region undergoes considerable distortion and results in much stronger Ln bonding. The positive charge acquired by Ln atoms upon adsorption on SW is approximately 1.5 times larger than that on defect-free graphene. The high visibility of electron-rich lanthanide species in scanning tunneling microscopy images provides a means to locate SW defects in graphene samples experimentally.

Adsorption of lanthanide double-decker phthalocyanines on single-walled carbon nanotubes: structural changes and electronic properties as studied by density functional theory

CONTEXT

Molecular modeling of carbon nanotubes and lanthanide double-decker phthalocyanines hybrids is challenging due to the presence of 4f-electrons. In this paper, we analyzed the trends in structural changes and electronic properties when a lanthanide (La, Gd, and Lu) bisphthalocyanine molecule is adsorbed on the surface of two single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) models: armchair and zigzag. The density functional theory (DFT) computations showed that the height of bisphthalocyanines complexes (LnPc₂) when adsorbed on a nanotube (LnPc₂+SWCNT) is the structural feature which is most affected by the nanotube model. The formation energy of the LnPc₂+SWCNT hybrid depends on the metal atom and the nanotube chirality. LaPc₂ and LuPc₂ bind stronger to the zigzag nanotube, while for GdPc₂, bonding to the armchair nanotube is the stronger one. The HOMO-LUMO gap energy (Egap) shows a correlation between the nature of lanthanide and the nanotube chirality. In the case of adsorption on armchair nanotube, E_gap tends to match the gap of isolated LnPc₂, whereas for adsorption on the zigzag nanotube, it is closer to the value for the isolated nanotube model. The spin density is localized on the phthalocyanines ligands (plus on Gd in the case of GdPc₂), when the bisphthalocyanine is adsorbed on the surface of the armchair nanotube. For bonding to zigzag nanotube (ZNT), it extends over both components, except for LaPc₂+ZNT, where spin density is found on the nanotube only.

METHOD

All DFT calculations were carried out using the DMol³ module of Material Studio 8.0 software package from Accelrys Inc. The computational technique chosen was the general gradient approximation functional PBE in combination with a long-range dispersion correction developed by Grimme (PBE-D2), the double numerical basis set DN, and the DFT semi-core pseudopotentials.