Intramolecular Cooperative and Anti-Cooperative Effect on the Two-Photon Absorption Cross Section in Triphenylamine Derivatives

Unveiling the molecular structure and two-photon absorption properties relationship of branched oligofluorenes

Organic molecules have been intensively studied during the last few decades because of their photonics and biological applications. In this material class, the fluorene molecules present outstanding optical features, for example, high values of two-photon absorption (2PA) cross-sections, visible transparency, and high fluorescence quantum yield. Also, it is possible to improve the nonlinear optical response by modifying the fluorene molecular structure. In this context, herein, we have synthesized V and Y-shaped branching oligofluorenes containing two and three fluorene moieties in each branch. Such a molecular strategy may exponentially enhance the nonlinear optical response due to the coherent coupling among the molecular arms. Thus, we combined the use of femtosecond Z-scan spectroscopy and white light transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) to understand the molecular structure and 2PA property relationship of branching oligofluorenes. The results show that there is a universal relationship between the 2PA cross-section and the effective π-electron number (N_eff) given by σ_2PA(GM) = (079 ± 0.03)N_eff², which is independent of the molecular shape (linear, V or Y-shaped). Therefore, the intramolecular charge transfer responsible for the cooperative effect among the branches does not occur. This statement is corroborated by the results of the femtosecond TAS technique.

Tris(4'-Nitrobiphenyl)amine─An Octupolar Chromophore with High Two-Photon Absorption Cross-Section and Its Application for Uncaging of Calcium Ions in the Near-Infrared Region

Compounds with high two-photon absorption (2PA) performance in the near-infrared region have attracted great attention because of their application in the material and biological science. In this study, we have developed a simple and novel octupolar chromophore, tris(4'-nitrobiphenyl)amine 1, with three nitro peripheral groups attached to a triphenylamine core via biphenyl linkers. A mono-branched analogue 2 has also been prepared to investigate the effects of octupolar and dipolar systems on photophysical and 2PA behaviors. Compound 1, despite having a much simpler structure than the previous three-branched scaffolds, exhibits comparable σ₂ values, reaching 1330 GM at 730 nm and 900 GM at 820 nm in toluene. Combined with an outstanding σ₂/MW ratio (2.2 GM g^-1 mol) and a high fluorescence quantum yield (0.51), 1 displays potential as a promising two-photon (2P) probe for bioimaging. Subsequently, the ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid-substituted derivatives featuring octupolar (3 and 5) or dipolar (4 and 6) character have been synthesized and their one-photon (1P) and 2P photochemical reactions have been examined. Finally, 1P- and 2P-triggered uncaging of Ca²⁺ from these calcium chelators has been confirmed.

Two-Photon Absorption Cooperative Effects within Multi-Dipolar Ruthenium Complexes: The Decisive Influence of Charge Transfers

One- and two-photon characterizations of a series of hetero- and homoleptic [RuL_3-n(bpy)_n]²⁺ (n = 0, 1, 2) complexes carrying bipyridine π-extended ligands (L), have been carried out. These π-extended D−π−A−A−π−D-type ligands (L), where the electron donor units (D) are based on diphenylamine, carbazolyl, or fluorenyl units, have been designed to modulate the conjugation extension and the donating effect. Density functional theory calculations were performed in order to rationalize the observed spectra. Calculations show that the electronic structure of the π-extended ligands has a pronounced effect on the composition of HOMO and LUMO and on the metallic contribution to frontier MOs, resulting in strikingly different nonlinear properties. This work demonstrates that ILCT transitions are the keystone of one- and two-photon absorption bands in the studied systems and reveals how much MLCT and LLCT charge transfers play a decisive role on the two-photon properties of both hetero- and homoleptic ruthenium complexes through cooperative or suppressive effects.

A lysosome-targeted near-infrared photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy and two-photon fluorescence imaging

Organelle-targeted two-photon near-infrared photosensitizers are highly desirable for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Herein, in this contribution, we have developed a 2-dicyanomethylenethiazole-based D-π-A structured near-infrared photosensitizer (TTR). TTR exhibits near-infrared emission (704 nm), a large Stokes shift (200 nm), and smaller ΔE_S1-_T1 (the energy gap between S₁ and T₁) (0.717 eV). In vitro results show that TTR can specifically target lysosomes in living cells for near-infrared fluorescence imaging. With efficient ROS generation, excellent biocompatibility, two-photon imaging capability, and depth imaging (21 μm in vitro and 210 μm in vivo), TTR can effectively kill tumor cells and inhibit the growth of subcutaneous tumors. The hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and blood biochemical parameter results further prove the biocompatibility of TTR. Hence, TTR can be a promising photosensitizer for PDT.

Molecular Structure-Optical Property Relationship of Salicylidene Derivatives: A Study on the First-Order Hyperpolarizability

The first-order hyperpolarizability of π-conjugated organic molecules is of particular interest for the fabrication of electro-optical modulators. Thus, we investigated the relationship between the molecular structure and the incoherent second-order nonlinear optical response (β_HRS) of four salicylidene derivatives (salophen, [Zn(salophen)(OH₂)], 3,4-benzophen, [Zn(3,4-benzophen)(OH₂)]) dissolved in DMSO. For that, we employed the Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering technique with picosecond pulse trains. Our experimental results pointed out dynamic β_HRS values between 32.0 ± 4.8 × 10^-30 cm⁵/esu and 58.5 ± 8.0 × 10^-30 cm⁵/esu at 1064 nm, depending on the molecular geometry of the salicylidene molecules. More specifically, the outcomes indicate a considerable increase of β_HRS magnitude (∼30%) when in the ligands are incorporated the Zn(II) ion. We ascribed such results to the rise of the planarity of the π-conjugated backbone of the chromophores caused by the Zn(II). Furthermore, we observed an increase of ∼50% in dynamic β_HRS when there is a replacement of one hydrogen atom (salophen molecule) by an acetophenone group (3,4-benzophen). This result is related to the increase of the effective π-electron number and the higher charge transfer induced at the excited state. All these findings were interpreted and supported in the light of time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Solvent effects were considered in the quantum chemical calculations using the integral equation formalism variant of the polarizable continuum model.

A competitive effect of acceptor substitutions on the opto-electronic features of triphenylamine cored di α-cyanostilbene derivatives

Acceptor strength regulates the ICT mechanism via AIE or ACQ processes.

Probing the high performance of photoinduced birefringence in V-shaped azo/PMMA guest-host films

Optical birefringence in polymeric films containing azo-chromophores is an important feature related to the development of several technologies such as electro-optic modulators, optical switching, and optical gates, to cite a few. Therefore, it is essential to understand the main underlying mechanisms describing dynamic switching. In this context, we have investigated the optical birefringence performance of a guest-host film produced from a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix containing a V-shaped azo-chromophore, which exhibited a larger optical response in comparison to the linear chromophores. The optical birefringence was induced by a linearly polarized diode laser (532 nm, writing laser), while a low-intensity HeNe (632.8 nm) laser and a tungsten-halogen lamp are employed, respectively, to monitor the optical storage and the absorption change during the photoinduced birefringence. Our results pointed out that the guest-host film presents maximum residual optical memory at around 50% and local optical birefringence at around 3.3 × 10^-4 in the low concentration and intensity regimes. The high optical birefringence obtained in guest-host films was attributed to the considerable photoisomerization quantum yield in the solid-state (0.15 ± 0.02 for 532 nm). Besides, we have shown that the switching mechanism is driven by angular hole-burning during the first seconds after excitation, and, subsequently, molecular reorientation quickly rises, dominating the photochemical process. The latter mechanism is highly efficient in converting cis to trans molecules (100%), which is responsible for the high residual optical memory obtained. In order to better understand the isomerization mechanism of the azo-chromophore/PMMA film, we performed quantum chemical calculations within the DFT framework. The electronic transitions of the azo-chromophore isomers were determined using the TD-DFT method and potential energy curves (PECs) were constructed to investigate the possibility of the thermal-isomerization process of the V-shaped azo-chromophore through both rotation and inversion mechanisms. For both mechanisms, the amplitude of the energy barrier and activation energy for thermal isomerization are determined and the results are discussed.

Probing the Strong Near-IR Two-Photon Transition in Supramolecular Triphenylamine-based Polymers by Nonlinear Absorption Spectroscopy

Due to their capability of film formation and remarkable optical features, semiconductor polymers with high two-photon absorption (2PA) have been studied as potential candidates for the development of organic photonic platforms. Furthermore, there is a high demand for photonic devices operating in the near-infrared (IR) region. However, the magnitude of the nonlinear optical response of random coil polymers in the IR region is weak due to the loss of molecular structure caused by increasing the π-conjugated backbone. Thus, herein we aim to investigate the molecular structure and 2PA features relationship for four polymers with supramolecular (helical) rodlike structure. Such polymers have a rigid core based on triphenylamine groups connected to the chiral binaphthalene units and a strong electron-withdrawing group (EWG). This kind of structure allows a very high chromophore density, which was responsible for generating 2PA cross-section between 305 GM and 565 GM in the near-IR (900-1300 nm), depending on the EWG strength. in light of the two-level model within the sum-overstates approach, we estimated the degree of intramolecular charge transfer induced by 2PA in the IR region, and values as high as 50-70% were found. Such a critical outcome allows the 2PA cross-section in the IR region to remain high even though the ratio between the visible/IR-band 2PA cross-section increases as a function of EWG strength.

Branching effect on the linear and nonlinear optical properties of styrylpyrimidines

The branching effect on the photophysical properties of styrylpyrimidines is studied experimentally and theoretically.