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Samad SA, Ye X, Han Z, Huang S, Lu C, Hou J, Yang M, Zhang Z, Qiu F, Zhuang X. Anion-Exchange Strategy for Ru/RuO 2-Embedded N/S- Co-Doped Porous Carbon Composites for Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation. Polymers (Basel) 2025; 17:543. [PMID: 40006205 PMCID: PMC11858955 DOI: 10.3390/polym17040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2025] [Revised: 02/16/2025] [Accepted: 02/18/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Ionic porous polymers have been widely utilized efficiently to anchor various metal atoms for the preparation of metal-embedded heteroatom-doped porous carbon composites as the active materials for electrocatalytic applications. However, the rational design of the heteroatom and metal elements in HPC-based composites remains a significant challenge, due to the tendency of the aggregation of metal nanoparticles during pyrolysis. In this study, a nitrogen (N)- and sulfur (S)-enriched ionic covalent organic framework (iCOF) incorporating viologen and thieno[3,4-b] thiophene (TbT) was constructed via Zincke-type polycondensation. The synthesized iCOF possesses a crystalline porous structure with a pore size of 3.05 nm, a low optical band gap of 1.88 eV, and superior ionic conductivity of 10-2.672 S cm-1 at 333 K, confirming the ionic and conjugated nature of our novel iCOF. By applying the iCOF as the precursor, a ruthenium and ruthenium(IV) oxide (Ru/RuO2) nanoparticle-embedded N/S-co-doped porous carbon composite (NSPC-Ru) was prepared by using a two-step sequence of anion-exchange and pyrolysis processes. In the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) application, the NSPC-Ru achieves an impressive NH3 yield rate of 32.0 μg h-1 mg-1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 13.2% at -0.34 V vs. RHE. Thus, this innovative approach proposes a new route for the design of iCOF-derived metal-embedded porous carbon composites for enhanced NRR performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzeb Ali Samad
- The Soft2D Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (S.A.S.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Xuanzi Ye
- The Soft2D Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (S.A.S.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhiya Han
- School of Materials, Shanghai Dianji University, 300 Shuihua Road, Pudong New Area District, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.H.); (M.Y.)
| | - Senhe Huang
- The Soft2D Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (S.A.S.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Chenbao Lu
- The Soft2D Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (S.A.S.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Junbo Hou
- Power System Resources Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., 585 Changan North Road, Jiaxing 314399, China;
| | - Min Yang
- School of Materials, Shanghai Dianji University, 300 Shuihua Road, Pudong New Area District, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.H.); (M.Y.)
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., 169 Tianlin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- The Soft2D Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (S.A.S.); (X.Y.); (S.H.); (C.L.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 429 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Baranwal R, Lin X, Qiao Y, Tan H, Goryll M, Fan Z. Carbon Nanostructures Derived from In Situ Grown ZIF Nanocages within Bacterial Cellulose for AC-Filtering Electrochemical Capacitors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2409110. [PMID: 39703018 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202409110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2024] [Revised: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) offer superior specific capacitance for energy storage compared to traditional electrolytic capacitors but face limitations in alternating current (AC) filtering due to the need for balancing fast response and high capacitance. This study addresses these challenges by developing a freestanding nanostructured carbon electrode, derived from the rapid carbonization of bacterial cellulose (BC) embedded with zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) and in situ formed carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The electrode exhibits an exceptionally low area resistance of 9.8 mΩ cm2 and a high specific capacitance of 2.1 mF cm-2 at 120 Hz, maintaining performance even at high frequencies. Stacking these electrodes enhances the capacitance to 5.3 mF cm-2, with the phase angle degrading to -74.4° at 120 Hz; however, they retain a phase angle below -45° up to ≈50 kHz, demonstrating excellent high-frequency performance. Furthermore, connecting three aqueous units in series as an integrated cell or utilizing organic electrolytes extends the voltage window to 2.4 V, enhancing their suitability for high-voltage applications. Ripple voltage analysis under various loads and frequencies indicates effective filtering capabilities, highlighting the potential of these nanostructured ECs for next-generation electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishav Baranwal
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Xueyan Lin
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Yinxuan Qiao
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Haiyan Tan
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Michael Goryll
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Fan
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
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3
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Miera GG, Heinz O, Hong W, Walker GC. Virtual Issue: Electrode Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:18171-18174. [PMID: 38111359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
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Zhang T, Zhang P, Liao Z, Wang F, Wang J, Wang M, Zschech E, Zhuang X, Schmidt OG, Feng X. Interfacial synthesis of crystalline quasi-two-dimensional polyaniline thin films for high-performance flexible on-chip micro-supercapacitors. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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He H, Lian J, Chen C, Xiong Q, Li CC, Zhang M. Enabling Multi-Chemisorption Sites on Carbon Nanofibers Cathodes by an In-situ Exfoliation Strategy for High-Performance Zn-Ion Hybrid Capacitors. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:106. [PMID: 35426577 PMCID: PMC9012804 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanofibers films are typical flexible electrode in the field of energy storage, but their application in Zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) is limited by the low energy density due to the lack of active adsorption sites. In this work, an in-situ exfoliation strategy is reported to modulate the chemisorption sites of carbon nanofibers by high pyridine/pyrrole nitrogen doping and carbonyl functionalization. The experimental results and theoretical calculations indicate that the highly electronegative pyridine/pyrrole nitrogen dopants can not only greatly reduce the binding energy between carbonyl group and Zn2+ by inducing charge delocalization of the carbonyl group, but also promote the adsorption of Zn2+ by bonding with the carbonyl group to form N-Zn-O bond. Benefit from the multiple highly active chemisorption sites generated by the synergy between carbonyl groups and pyridine/pyrrole nitrogen atoms, the resulting carbon nanofibers film cathode displays a high energy density, an ultralong-term lifespan, and excellent capacity reservation under commercial mass loading (14.45 mg cm‒2). Particularly, the cathodes can also operate stably in flexible or quasi-solid devices, indicating its application potential in flexible electronic products. This work established a universal method to solve the bottleneck problem of insufficient active adsorption sites of carbon-based ZIHCs.Imoproved should be changed into Improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng He
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology for Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichun Lian
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology for Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Changmiao Chen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaotian Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology for Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology for Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
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Yang H, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Huang S, Lu C, Ke C, Zhai G, Zhu J, Zhuang X. A Narrow Bandgap, Isocyanide‐based Coordination Polymer Framework for Micro‐Supercapacitors with AC Line‐Filtering Performance. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yazhen Zhao
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhenying Chen
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
| | - Senhe Huang
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chenbao Lu
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Changchun Ke
- School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Guangqun Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Jinhui Zhu
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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He Q, Kang J, Zhu J, Huang S, Lu C, Liang H, Su Y, Zhuang X. N-confused porphyrin-based conjugated microporous polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2339-2342. [PMID: 35080212 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06572f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal porphyrins, which possess metal-N coordination centers, are important building blocks for the construction of porous organic materials with catalytic performance. However, most of the previous work has focused on controlling the metal elements instead of the metal-N coordinations. Here, Pt(II) N-confused porphyrin and Pt(II) porphyrin based conjugated microporous polymers were synthesized by Yamamoto coupling reaction. The structural and property differences of Pt-N3C and Pt-N4 were studied. Calculations demonstrate that the Pt-N3C-based porous polymer exhibits broader photoabsorption and narrower bandgap than conventional Pt-N4-based porous polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichuan He
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,The Meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jialing Kang
- The Meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinhui Zhu
- The Meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Senhe Huang
- The Meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Chenbao Lu
- The Meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haiwei Liang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuezeng Su
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- The Meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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8
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Laser-Induced Interdigital Structured Graphene Electrodes Based Flexible Micro-Supercapacitor for Efficient Peak Energy Storage. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27010329. [PMID: 35011558 PMCID: PMC8746467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly developing demand for lightweight portable electronics has accelerated advanced research on self-powered microsystems (SPMs) for peak power energy storage (ESs). In recent years, there has been, in this regard, a huge research interest in micro-supercapacitors for microelectronics application over micro-batteries due to their advantages of fast charge–discharge rate, high power density and long cycle-life. In this work, the optimization and fabrication of micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) by means of laser-induced interdigital structured graphene electrodes (LIG) has been reported. The flexible and scalable MSCs are fabricated by CO2-laser structuring of polyimide-based Kapton ® HN foils at ambient temperature yielding interdigital LIG-electrodes and using polymer gel electrolyte (PGE) produced by polypropylene carbonate (PPC) embedded ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-trifluoromethansulphonate [EMIM][OTf]. This MSC exhibits a wide stable potential window up to 2.0 V, offering an areal capacitance of 1.75 mF/cm2 at a scan rate of 5.0 mV/s resulting in an energy density (Ea) of 0.256 µWh/cm2 @ 0.03 mA/cm2 and power density (Pa) of 0.11 mW/cm2 @0.1 mA/cm2. Overall electrochemical performance of this LIG/PGE-MSC is rounded with a good cyclic stability up to 10,000 cycles demonstrating its potential in terms of peak energy storage ability compared to the current thin film micro-supercapacitors.
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Liu L, Li Y, Meng Y, Xue Y, Yang B, Li B, Liu X. Preparation of nickel-bound porous carbon and its application in supercapacitors. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01403j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, nickel-bound porous carbon (Ni-PC) was prepared by introducing Ni2+ into dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-2K) derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon (PC) using the ball milling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yanan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bing Li
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Synthesis, crystal structure and battery-like studies on a new acylpyrazolone-based mixed-ligand Cu(II) complex. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Wang H, Qiu F, Lu C, Zhu J, Ke C, Han S, Zhuang X. A Terpyridine-Fe 2+-Based Coordination Polymer Film for On-Chip Micro-Supercapacitor with AC Line-Filtering Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071002. [PMID: 33805228 PMCID: PMC8037160 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of redox-active, ultrathin polymer films as the electrode materials represents a major challenge for miniaturized flexible electronics. Herein, we demonstrated a liquid–liquid interfacial polymerization approach to a coordination polymer films with ultrathin thickness from tri(terpyridine)-based building block and iron atoms. The as-synthesized polymer films exhibit flexible properties, good redox-active and narrow bandgap. After directly transferred to silicon wafers, the on-chip micro-supercapacitors of TpPB-Fe-MSC achieved the high specific capacitances of 1.25 mF cm−2 at 50 mV s−1 and volumetric energy density of 5.8 mWh cm−3, which are superior to most of semiconductive polymer-based micro-supercapacitor (MSC) devices. In addition, as-fabricated on-chip MSCs exhibit typical alternating current (AC) line-filtering performance (−71.3° at 120 Hz) and a short resistance–capacitance (RC) time (0.06 ms) with the electrolytes of PVA/LiCl. This study provides a simple interfacial approach to redox-active polymer films for microsized energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Haiquan Road 100, Shanghai 201418, China;
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Haiquan Road 100, Shanghai 201418, China;
- Correspondence: (F.Q.); (S.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chenbao Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, The Meso-Entropy Matter Lab, The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (C.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinhui Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, The Meso-Entropy Matter Lab, The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (C.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Changchun Ke
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Sheng Han
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Haiquan Road 100, Shanghai 201418, China;
- Correspondence: (F.Q.); (S.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, The Meso-Entropy Matter Lab, The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (C.L.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (F.Q.); (S.H.); (X.Z.)
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