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Garza-Miyazato D, Hanashima S, Umegawa Y, Murata M, Kinoshita M, Matsumori N, Greimel P. Mode of molecular interaction of triterpenoid saponin ginsenoside Rh2 with membrane lipids in liquid-disordered phases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184366. [PMID: 38960300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is a ginseng saponin comprising a triterpene core and one unit of glucose and has attracted much attention due to its diverse biological activities. In the present study, we used small-angle X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR, fluorescence microscopy, and MD simulations to investigate the molecular interaction of Rh2 with membrane lipids in the liquid-disordered (Ld) phase mainly composed of palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine compared with those in liquid-ordered (Lo) phase mainly composed of sphingomyelin and cholesterol. The electron density profiles determined by X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that Rh2 tends to be present in the shallow interior of the bilayer in the Ld phase, while Rh2 accumulation was significantly smaller in the Lo phase. Order parameters at intermediate depths in the bilayer leaflet obtained from 2H NMR spectra and MD simulations indicated that Rh2 reduces the order of the acyl chains of lipids in the Ld phase. The dihydroxy group and glucose moiety at both ends of the hydrophobic triterpene core of Rh2 cause tilting of the molecular axis relative to the membrane normal, which may enhance membrane permeability by loosening the packing of lipid acyl chains. These features of Rh2 are distinct from steroidal saponins such as digitonin and dioscin, which exert strong membrane-disrupting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Garza-Miyazato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Umegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Forefront Research Centre for Fundamental Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Masanao Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Peter Greimel
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Paarvanova B, Tacheva B, Savova G, Karabaliev M, Georgieva R. Hemolysis by Saponin Is Accelerated at Hypertonic Conditions. Molecules 2023; 28:7096. [PMID: 37894578 PMCID: PMC10609376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponins are a large group of organic amphiphilic substances (surfactants) mainly extracted from herbs with biological activity, considered as one of the main ingredients in numerous remedies used in traditional medicine since ancient times. Anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, antitumor, antioxidant and many other properties have been confirmed for some. There is increasing interest in the elucidation of the mechanisms behind the effects of saponins on different cell types at the molecular level. In this regard, erythrocytes are a very welcome model, having very simple structures with no organelles. They react to changing external conditions and substances by changing shape or volume, with damage to their membrane ultimately leading to hemolysis. Hemolysis can be followed spectrophotometrically and provides valuable information about the type and extent of membrane damage. We investigated hemolysis of erythrocytes induced by various saponin concentrations in hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic media using measurements of real time and end-point hemolysis. The osmotic pressure was adjusted by different concentrations of NaCl, manitol or a NaCl/manitol mixture. Unexpectedly, at a fixed saponin concentration, hemolysis was accelerated at hypertonic conditions, but was much faster in NaCl compared to mannitol solutions at the same osmotic pressure. These findings confirm the colloid-osmotic mechanism behind saponin hemolysis with pore formation with increasing size in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyana Paarvanova
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Bilyana Tacheva
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Gergana Savova
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Miroslav Karabaliev
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Radostina Georgieva
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Lacchini E, Venegas-Molina J, Goossens A. Structural and functional diversity in plant specialized metabolism signals and products: The case of oxylipins and triterpenes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102371. [PMID: 37148672 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic enzymes tend to evolve towards catalytic efficacy, precision and speed. This seems particularly true for ancient and conserved enzymes involved in fundamental cellular processes that are present virtually in every cell and organism and converting and producing relatively limited metabolite numbers. Nevertheless, sessile organisms like plants have an astonishing repertoire of specific (specialized) metabolites that, by numbers and chemical complexity, by far exceed primary metabolites. Most theories agree that early gene duplication, subsequent positive selection and diversifying evolution have allowed relaxed selection of duplicated metabolic genes, thus facilitating the accumulation of mutations that could broaden substrate/product specificity and lower activation barriers and kinetics. Here, we use oxylipins, oxygenated fatty acids of plastidial origin to which the phytohormone jasmonate belongs, and triterpenes, a large group of specialized metabolites whose biosynthesis is often elicited by jasmonates, to showcase the structural and functional diversity of chemical signals and products in plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Lacchini
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jhon Venegas-Molina
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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Ondevilla JC, Hanashima S, Mukogawa A, Miyazato DG, Umegawa Y, Murata M. Effect of the number of sugar units on the interaction between diosgenyl saponin and membrane lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184145. [PMID: 36914020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Saponin is the main bioactive component of the Dioscorea species, which are traditionally used for treating chronic diseases. An understanding of the interaction process of bioactive saponins with biomembranes provides insights into their development as therapeutic agents. The biological effects of saponins have been thought to be associated with membrane cholesterol (Chol). To shed light on the exact mechanisms of their interactions, we investigated the effects of diosgenyl saponins trillin (TRL) and dioscin (DSN) on the dynamic behavior of lipids and membrane properties in palmitoyloleolylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) bilayers using solid-state NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. The membrane effects of diosgenin, a sapogenin of TRL and DSN, are similar to those of Chol, suggesting that diosgenin plays a major role in membrane binding and POPC chain ordering. The amphiphilicity of TRL and DSN enabled them to interact with POPC bilayers, regardless of Chol. In the presence of Chol, the sugar residues more prominently influenced the membrane-disrupting effects of saponins. The activity of DSN, which bears three sugar units, led to perturbation and further disruption of the membrane in the presence of Chol. However, TRL, which bears one sugar residue, increased the ordering of POPC chains while maintaining the integrity of the bilayer. This effect on the phospholipid bilayers is similar to that of cholesteryl glucoside. The influence of the number of sugars in saponin is discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Candice Ondevilla
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.
| | - Akane Mukogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Darcy Garza Miyazato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichi Umegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Forefront Research Centre for Fundamental Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Forefront Research Centre for Fundamental Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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