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Chen N, Wang Y, Deng Z. DNA-Condensed Plasmonic Supraballs Transparent to Molecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:14053-14062. [PMID: 37725679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology offers an unrivaled programmability of plasmonic nanoassemblies based on encodable Watson-Crick basepairing. However, it is very challenging to build rigidified three-dimensional supracolloidal assemblies with strong electromagnetic coupling and a self-confined exterior shape. We herein report an alternative strategy based on a DNA condensation reaction to make such structures. Using DNA-grafted gold nanoparticles as building blocks and metal ions with suitable phosphate affinities as abiological DNA-bonding agents, a seedless growth of spheroidal supraparticles is realized via metal-ion-induced DNA condensation. Some governing rules are disclosed in this process, including kinetic and thermodynamic effects stemming from electrostatic and coordinative forces with different interaction ranges. The supraballs are tailorable by adjusting the volumetric ratio between DNA grafts and gold cores and by overgrowing extra gold layers toward tunable plasmon coupling. Various appealing and highly desirable properties are achieved for the resulting metaballs, including (i) chemical reversibility and fixation ability, (ii) stability against denaturant, salt, and molecular adsorbates, (iii) enriched and continuously tunable plasmonic hotspots, (iv) permeability to small guest molecules and antifoulingness against protein contaminates, and (v) Raman-enhancing and photocatalytic activities. Innovative applications are thus foreseeable for this emerging class of meta-assemblies in contrast to what is achieved by DNA-basepaired ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Chen
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yueliang Wang
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Deng
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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2
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Dong W, Yang Z, He J, Kong C, Nie Z. Vesicular self-assembly of copolymer-grafted nanoparticles with anisotropic shapes. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:634-639. [PMID: 36562393 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01401g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanovesicles show broad applications in areas such as cancer theranostics and drug delivery, but the preparation of nanovesicles from shaped nanoparticles remains challenging. This article describes the vesicular self-assembly of shaped nanoparticles, such as gold nanocubes grafted with amphiphilic block copolymers, in selective solvents. The nanocubes assembled within the vesicular membranes exhibit two distinctive packing modes, namely square-like and hexagonal packing, depending on the relative dimensions of the copolymer ligands and nanocubes. The corresponding optical properties of the plasmonic nanovesicles can be tuned by varying the length of the grafted copolymers and the size of the nanocubes. This work provides guidance for the fabrication of functional plasmonic vesicles for applications in catalysis, nanomedicines and optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Zhimao Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Chuncai Kong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Zhihong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
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3
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Wang S, Wang A, Ma Y, Han Q, Chen Y, Li X, Wu S, Li J, Bai S, Yin J. In situ synthesis of superorganism-like Au NPs within microgels with ultra-wide absorption in visible and near-infrared regions for combined cancer therapy. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:774-779. [PMID: 33201168 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01618g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The whole is a collection of parts and fulfills specific functions that the parts do not have. In this work, 50 nm Au NPs were in situ synthesized and close packed into a superorganism-like superstructure by means of microgel 3D networks. The combined microgel is endowed with ultra-wide absorption in visible and near-infrared regions between 500 and 1100 nm in spite of Au NPs not having this property. The strong collective plasmon coupling between neighboring Au NPs induces high photothermal conversion efficiency of the microgel system under irradiation at various laser wavelengths. Due to the good loading capability, microgels with nanocomposites can also load photosensitive drugs simultaneously and be used for combined cancer treatments of photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.
| | - Anhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.
| | - Yuqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.
| | - Qingquan Han
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.
| | - Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.
| | - Songyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.
| | - Jieling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.
| | - Shuo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.
| | - Jian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China.
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López-de-Luzuriaga JM, Monge M, Quintana J, Rodríguez-Castillo M. Single-step assembly of gold nanoparticles into plasmonic colloidosomes at the interface of oleic acid nanodroplets. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:198-205. [PMID: 36131883 PMCID: PMC9417255 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00494d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic gold colloidosomes (Au CSs) of sub-200 nm size are formed by the self-assembly of spherical gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) of ca. 4 nm size at the interface of oleic acid (OA) nanodroplets formed in n-hexane. Au NPs are prepared through the mild decomposition of [Au(C6F5)(tht)] (tht = tetrahydrothiophene). These Au CSs display tunable surface, size and shape-dependent collective plasmonic absorptions, leading to interesting photothermal and stimuli-responsive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M López-de-Luzuriaga
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ) Complejo Científico-Tecnológico 26006-Logroño Spain
| | - Miguel Monge
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ) Complejo Científico-Tecnológico 26006-Logroño Spain
| | - Javier Quintana
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ) Complejo Científico-Tecnológico 26006-Logroño Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Castillo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ) Complejo Científico-Tecnológico 26006-Logroño Spain
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Li Y, Deng Z. Ag Ion Soldering: An Emerging Tool for Sub-nanomeric Plasmon Coupling and Beyond. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3442-3454. [PMID: 31742388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly represents probably the most flexible way to construct metastructured materials and devices from a wealth of colloidal building blocks with synthetically controllable sizes, shapes, and elemental compositions. In principle, surface capping is unavoidable during the synthesis of nanomaterials with well-defined geometry and stability. The ligand layer also endows inorganic building blocks with molecular recognition ability responsible for their assembly into desired structures. In the case of plasmonic nanounits, precise positioning of them in a nanomolecule or an ordered nanoarray provides a chance to shape their electrodynamic behaviors and thereby assists experimental demonstration of modern nanoplasmonics toward practical uses. Despite previous achievements in bottom-up nanofabrication, a big challenge exists toward strong coupling and facile charge transfer between adjacent nanounits in an assembly. This difficulty has impeded a functional development of plasmonic nanoassemblies. The weakened interparticle coupling originates from the electrostatic and steric barriers of ionic/molecular adsorbates to guarantee a good colloidal stability. Such a dilemma is rooted in fundamental colloidal science, which lacks an effective solution. During the past several years, a chemical tool termed Ag ion soldering (AIS) has been developed to overcome the above situation toward functional colloidal nanotechnology. In particular, a dimeric assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles has been taken as an ideal model to study plasmonic coupling and interparticle charge transfer. This Account starts with a demonstration of the chemical mechanism of AIS, followed by a verification of its workability in various self-assembly systems. A further use of AIS to realize postsynthetic coupling of DNA-directed nanoparticle clusters evidences its compatibility with DNA nanotechnology. Benefiting from the sub-nanometer interparticle gap achieved by AIS, a conductive pathway is established between two nanoparticles in an assembly. Accordingly, light-driven charge transfer between the conductively bridged plasmonic units is realized with highly tunable resonance frequencies. These situations have been demonstrated by thermal/photothermal sintering of silica-isolated nanoparticle dimers as well as gap-specific electroless gold/silver deposition. The regioselective silver deposition is then combined with galvanic replacement to obtain catalytically active nanofoci (plasmonic nanogaps). The resulting structures are useful for real time and on-site Raman spectroscopic tracking of chemical reactions in the plasmonic hotspots (nanogaps) as well as for study of plasmon-mediated/field-enhanced catalysis. The Account is concluded by a deeper insight into the chemical mechanism of AIS and its adaption to conformation-rich structures. Finally, AIS-enabled functional pursuits are suggested for self-assembled materials with strongly coupled and easily reshapable physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Deng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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6
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Xue Z, Wang P, Peng A, Wang T. Architectural Design of Self-Assembled Hollow Superstructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801441. [PMID: 30256464 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal nanoparticle assemblies are widely designed and fabricated via various building blocks to enhance their intrinsic properties and potential applications. Self-assembled hollow superstructures have been a focal point in nanotechnology for several decades and are likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. The novel properties of self-assembled hollow superstructures stem from their effective spatial utilization. As such, a comprehensive appreciation of the interactive forces at play among individual building blocks is a prerequisite for designing and managing the self-assembly process, toward the fabrication of optimal hollow nanoproducts. Herein, the emerging approaches to the fabrication of self-assembled hollow superstructures, including hard-templated, soft-templated, self-templated, and template-free methods, are classified and discussed. The corresponding reinforcement mechanisms, such as strong ligand interaction strategies and extra-capping strategies, are discussed in detail. Finally, possible future directions for the construction of multifunctional hollow superstructures with highly efficient catalytic reaction systems and an integration platform for bioapplications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agriculture Products, China Agricultural Academy of Science, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Aidong Peng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Wang Y, Fang L, Chen G, Song L, Deng Z. Freeze the Moment: High Speed Capturing of Weakly Bonded Dynamic Nanoparticle Assemblies in Solution by Ag Ion Soldering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1703303. [PMID: 29316229 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the versatile forms of colloidal aggregates, these spontaneously formed structures are often hard to find a suitable application in nanotechnology and materials science. A determinate reason is the lack of a suitable method to capture the transiently formed and quickly evolving colloidal structures in solution. To address this challenge, a simple but highly efficient strategy is herein reported to capture the dynamic and metastable colloidal assemblies formed in an aqueous or nonaqueous solution. This process takes advantage of a recently developed Ag ion soldering reaction to realize a rapid fixation of as-formed metastable assemblies. This method works efficiently for both solid (3D) nanoparticle aggregates and weakly bonded fractal nanoparticle chains (1D). In both cases, very high capturing speed and close to 100% efficiency are achieved to fully retain a quickly growing structure. The soldered nanochains further enable a fabrication of discrete, uniform, and functionalizable nanoparticle clusters with enriched linear conformation by mechanical shearing, which would otherwise be difficult to make. The captured products are water dispersible and mechanically robust, favoring an exploration of their properties toward possible applications. The work paves a way to previously untouched aspects of colloidal science and thus would create new chances in nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueliang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Lingling Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Gaoli Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Lei Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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8
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Bollhorst T, Rezwan K, Maas M. Colloidal capsules: nano- and microcapsules with colloidal particle shells. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2091-2126. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis strategies and the progress made so far of bringing colloidal capsules closer to technical and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bollhorst
- Advanced Ceramics
- Department of Production Engineering & MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
- University of Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Kurosch Rezwan
- Advanced Ceramics
- Department of Production Engineering & MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
- University of Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Michael Maas
- Advanced Ceramics
- Department of Production Engineering & MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
- University of Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
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9
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Fang L, Wang Y, Liu M, Gong M, Xu A, Deng Z. Dry Sintering Meets Wet Silver-Ion “Soldering”: Charge-Transfer Plasmon Engineering of Solution-Assembled Gold Nanodimers From Visible to Near-Infrared I and II Regions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yueliang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Miao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Ming Gong
- Engineering and Materials Science Experiment Center; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 China
| | - An Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering; Hefei Institutes of Physical Science; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei Anhui 230031 China
| | - Zhaoxiang Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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10
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Fang L, Wang Y, Liu M, Gong M, Xu A, Deng Z. Dry Sintering Meets Wet Silver-Ion “Soldering”: Charge-Transfer Plasmon Engineering of Solution-Assembled Gold Nanodimers From Visible to Near-Infrared I and II Regions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14296-14300. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yueliang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Miao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Ming Gong
- Engineering and Materials Science Experiment Center; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 China
| | - An Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering; Hefei Institutes of Physical Science; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei Anhui 230031 China
| | - Zhaoxiang Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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Wu J, Ma GH. Recent Studies of Pickering Emulsions: Particles Make the Difference. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4633-48. [PMID: 27337222 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, emulsions stabilized by micro- or nanoparticles (known as Pickering emulsions) have attracted much attention. Micro- or nanoparticles, as the main components of the emulsion, play a key role in the preparation and application of Pickering emulsions. The existence of particles at the interface between the oil and aqueous phases affects not only the preparation, but also the properties of Pickering emulsions, affording superior stability, low toxicity, and stimuli-responsiveness compared to classical emulsions stabilized by surfactants. These advantages of Pickering emulsions make them attractive, especially in biomedicine. In this review, the effects of the characteristics of micro- and nanoparticles on the preparation and properties of Pickering emulsions are introduced. In particular, the preparation methods of Pickering emulsions, especially uniform-sized emulsions, are listed. Uniform Pickering emulsions are convenient for both mechanistic research and applications. Furthermore, some biomedical applications of Pickering emulsions are discussed and the problems hindering their clinical application are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guang-Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 211800, China.
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