1
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Leonardi AK, Medhi R, Zhang A, Düzen N, Finlay JA, Clarke JL, Clare AS, Ober CK. Investigation of N-Substituted Morpholine Structures in an Amphiphilic PDMS-Based Antifouling and Fouling-Release Coating. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2697-2712. [PMID: 35486708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biofouling is a major disruptive process affecting the fuel efficiency and durability of maritime vessel coatings. Previous research has shown that amphiphilic coatings consisting of a siloxane backbone functionalized with hydrophilic moieties are effective marine antifouling and fouling-release materials. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been the primary hydrophilic component used in such systems. Recently, the morpholine group has emerged as a promising compact alternative in antifouling membranes but is yet to be studied against marine foulants. In this work, the use of morpholine moieties to generate amphiphilicity in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based antifouling and fouling-release coating was explored. Two separate coating sets were investigated. The first set examined the incorporation of an N-substituted morpholine amine, and while these coatings showed promising fouling-release properties for Ulva linza, they had unusually high settlement of spores compared to controls. Based on those results, a second set of materials was synthesized using an N-substituted morpholine amide to probe the source of the high settlement and was found to significantly improve antifouling performance. Both coating sets included PEG controls with varying lengths to compare the viability of the morpholine structures as alternative hydrophilic groups. Surfaces were evaluated through a combination of bubble contact angle goniometry, profilometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and marine bioassays against two soft fouling species, U. linza and Navicula incerta, known to have different adhesion characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Jessica L Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
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2
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Schwarze J, Koc J, Koschitzki F, Gardner H, Hunsucker KZ, Swain GW, Rosenhahn A. Reduction of biofilm accumulation by constant and alternating potentials in static and dynamic field experiments. Biofouling 2022; 38:119-130. [PMID: 35240893 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2027923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of electric fields to conductive coatings is an environmentally friendly way to reduce biofilm formation. In particular alternating potentials (APs) have received increasing attention in recent studies. Here, an electrochemical rotating disk setup for dynamic field exposure experiments was developed to study how APs alter the attachment of fouling organisms in a multispecies ocean environment. A specific focus of the device design was proper integration of the potentiostat in the strongly corroding saltwater environment. The effect of APs on the accumulation of fouling organisms in short term field exposures was studied. Potentials on conductive gold surfaces were periodically switched between -0.3 V and 0.3 V or between -0.8 V and 0.6 V at a frequency of 0.5 Hz. APs were capable of significantly reducing the attachment of marine fouling organisms compared with the conductive samples immersed at open circuit potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Schwarze
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Koschitzki
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Harrison Gardner
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Kelli Z Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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3
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Beyer CD, Thavalingam S, Guseva T, Schardt L, Zimmermann R, Werner C, Dietze P, Bandow JE, Metzler-Nolte N, Rosenhahn A. Zwitterionic Peptides Reduce Accumulation of Marine and Freshwater Biofilm Formers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:49682-49691. [PMID: 34663068 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic peptides are facile low-fouling compounds for environmental applications as they are biocompatible and fully biodegradable as their degradation products are just amino acids. Here, a set of histidine (H) and glutamic acid (E), as well as lysine (K) and glutamic acid (E) based peptide sequences with zwitterionic properties were synthesized. Both oligopeptides (KE)4K and (HE)4H were synthesized in d and l configurations to test their ability to resist the nonspecific adsorption of the proteins lysozyme and fibrinogen. The coatings were additionally tested against the attachment of the marine organisms Navicula perminuta and Cobetia marina as well as the freshwater bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens on the developed coatings. While the peptides containing lysine performed better in protein resistance assays and against freshwater bacteria, the sequences containing histidine were generally more resistant against marine organisms. The contribution of amino acid-intrinsic properties such as side chain pKa values and hydrophobicity, as well as external parameters such as pH and salinity of fresh water and seawater on the resistance of the coatings is discussed. In this way, a detailed picture emerges as to which zwitterionic sequences show advantages in future generations of biocompatible, sustainable, and nontoxic fouling release coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy D Beyer
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sugina Thavalingam
- Inorganic Chemistry I - Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Tatiana Guseva
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lisa Schardt
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pascal Dietze
- Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Elisabeth Bandow
- Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Inorganic Chemistry I - Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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4
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Gnanasampanthan T, Beyer CD, Yu W, Karthäuser JF, Wanka R, Spöllmann S, Becker HW, Aldred N, Clare AS, Rosenhahn A. Effect of Multilayer Termination on Nonspecific Protein Adsorption and Antifouling Activity of Alginate-Based Layer-by-Layer Coatings. Langmuir 2021; 37:5950-5963. [PMID: 33969986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a versatile platform for applying coatings and studying the properties of promising compounds for antifouling applications. Here, alginate-based LbL coatings were fabricated by alternating the deposition of alginic acid and chitosan or polyethylenimine to form multilayer coatings. Films were prepared with either odd or even bilayer numbers to investigate if the termination of the LbL coatings affects the physicochemical properties, resistance against the nonspecific adsorption (NSA) of proteins, and antifouling efficacy. The hydrophilic films, which were characterized using spectroscopic ellipsometry, water contact angle goniometry, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, AFM, XPS, and SPR spectroscopy, revealed high swelling in water and strongly reduced the NSA of proteins compared to the hydrophobic reference. While the choice of the polycation was important for the protein resistance of the LbL coatings, the termination mattered less. The attachment of diatoms and settling of barnacle cypris larvae revealed good antifouling properties that were controlled by the termination and the charge density of the LbL films.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Novosel
- Ruđer Bošković Institute POB 180 10 000 Zagreb Croatia
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6
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Kuliasha CA, Fedderwitz RL, Stafslien SJ, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Brennan AB. Anti-biofouling properties of poly(dimethyl siloxane) with RAFT photopolymerized acrylate/methacrylate surface grafts against model marine organisms. Biofouling 2021; 37:78-95. [PMID: 33491472 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1875216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling of man-made surfaces by marine organisms is a global problem with both financial and environmental consequences. However, the development of non-toxic anti-biofouling coatings is challenged by the diversity of fouling organisms. One possible solution leverages coatings composed of diverse chemical constituents. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) photopolymerization was used to modify poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMSe) surfaces with polymeric grafts composed of three successive combinations of acrylamide, acrylic acid, and hydroxyethyl methacrylate. RAFT limited conflicting variables and allowed for the effect of graft chemistry to be isolated. While all compositions enhanced the anti-biofouling performance compared with the PDMSe control, the ternary, amphiphilic copolymer was the most effective with 98% inhibition of the attachment of zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza, 94% removal of cells of the diatom Navicula incerta, and 62% removal of cells of the bacterium Cellulophaga lytica. However, none of the graft compositions tested were able to mitigate reattachment of adult barnacles, Amphibalanus amphitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary A Kuliasha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca L Fedderwitz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shane J Stafslien
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Anthony B Brennan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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7
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Wanka R, Koc J, Clarke J, Hunsucker KZ, Swain GW, Aldred N, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Rosenhahn A. Sol-Gel-Based Hybrid Materials as Antifouling and Fouling-Release Coatings for Marine Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:53286-53296. [PMID: 33180471 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid materials (HMs) offer unique properties as they combine inorganic and organic components into a single material. Here, we developed HM coatings for marine antifouling applications using sol-gel chemistry and naturally occurring polysaccharides. The coatings were characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, AFM, and ATR-FTIR, and their stability was tested in saline media. Marine antifouling and fouling-release properties were tested in laboratory assays against the settlement of larvae of the barnacle Balanus improvisus and against the settlement and removal of the diatom Navicula incerta. Furthermore, laboratory data were confirmed in short-term dynamic field assays in Florida, USA. All hybrid coatings revealed a superior performance in the assays compared to a hydrophobic reference. Within the hybrids, those with the highest degree of hydrophilicity and negative net charge across the surface performed best. Alginate and heparin showed good performance, making these hybrid materials promising building blocks for fouling-resistant coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wanka
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Jessica Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Kelli Z Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
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8
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Koc J, Schardt L, Nolte K, Beyer C, Eckhard T, Schwiderowski P, Clarke JL, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Muhler M, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Effect of Dipole Orientation in Mixed, Charge-Equilibrated Self-assembled Monolayers on Protein Adsorption and Marine Biofouling. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:50953-50961. [PMID: 33112127 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While zwitterionic interfaces are known for their excellent low-fouling properties, the underlying molecular principles are still under debate. In particular, the role of the zwitterion orientation at the interface has been discussed recently. For elucidation of the effect of this parameter, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold were prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of oppositely charged alkyl thiols bearing either a quaternary ammonium or a carboxylate moiety. The alkyl chain length of the cationic component (11-mercaptoundecyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium, which controls the distance of the positively charged end group from the substrate's surface, was kept constant. In contrast, the anionic component and, correspondingly, the distance of the negatively charged carboxylate groups from the surface was varied by changing the alkyl chain length in the thiol molecules from 7 (8-mercaptooctanoic acid) to 11 (12-mercaptododecanoic acid) to 15 (16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid). In this way, the charge neutrality of the coating was maintained, but the charged groups exposed at the interface to water were varied, and thus, the orientation of the dipoles in the SAMs was altered. In model biofouling studies, protein adsorption, diatom accumulation, and the settlement of zoospores were all affected by the altered charge distribution. This demonstrates the importance of the dipole orientation in mixed-charged SAMs for their inertness to nonspecific protein adsorption and the accumulation of marine organisms. Overall, biofouling was lowest when both the anionic and the cationic groups were placed at the same distance from the substrate's surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Lisa Schardt
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Kim Nolte
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Cindy Beyer
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Till Eckhard
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | | | - Jessica L Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Muhler
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Andre Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
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9
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Schönemann E, Koc J, Aldred N, Clare AS, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A, Wischerhoff E. Synthesis of Novel Sulfobetaine Polymers with Differing Dipole Orientations in Their Side Chains, and Their Effects on the Antifouling Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900447. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schönemann
- Department of Chemistry Universität Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24‐25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry ‐ Biointerfaces Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Anthony S. Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - André Laschewsky
- Department of Chemistry Universität Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24‐25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry ‐ Biointerfaces Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Erik Wischerhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
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10
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Yu W, Koc J, Finlay JA, Clarke JL, Clare AS, Rosenhahn A. Layer-by-layer constructed hyaluronic acid/chitosan multilayers as antifouling and fouling-release coatings. Biointerphases 2019; 14:051002. [DOI: 10.1116/1.5110887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Kardela JH, Millichamp IS, Ferguson J, Parry AL, Reynolds KJ, Aldred N, Clare AS. Nonfreezable Water and Polymer Swelling Control the Marine Antifouling Performance of Polymers with Limited Hydrophilic Content. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:29477-29489. [PMID: 31397993 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic chemical groups have well-documented resistance to marine fouling species when presented as homogeneous polymer brushes. These model formulations are not, however, suitable for practical fouling-control applications. It is presently unknown if a uniform film of zwitterions is required to elicit nonfouling character via the binding of interfacial water or if the incorporation of zwitterionic functionality into a more practical bulk polymer system will suffice. Here, copolymers of n-butyl methacrylate were synthesized with low incorporation levels (up to 20 mol %) of hydrophilic functionality, including zwitterionic moieties. Their antifouling (AF) properties were evaluated using barnacle cyprids (Balanus improvisus), diatom cells (Navicula incerta), and a multispecies biofilm. The laboratory assays revealed higher resistance of ionic copolymers toward cyprid settlement, which was attributed to their swelling and the presence of nonfreezable water molecules bound tightly to the polymer chains. Additionally, cells of N. incerta and the multispecies biofilm were removed more effectively on polymers containing sulfobetaine methacrylate and sulfopropyl methacrylate moieties. The results indicate that the presence of tightly bound interfacial water is not limited to model systems of pure hydrophilic homopolymers, but that this mechanism can also reduce the settlement and adhesion of fouling species via bulk copolymer systems with limited hydrophilic content. The swelling of polymers with hydrophilic content may also contribute to their AF efficacy, and such materials may therefore represent a route to translation of the well-documented nonfouling character of zwitterions into practical, industrially relevant coating formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Kardela
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , U.K
| | - Ian S Millichamp
- AkzoNobel , Marine and Protective Coatings, Stoneygate Lane , Gateshead NE10 0JY , U.K
| | - James Ferguson
- AkzoNobel , Marine and Protective Coatings, Stoneygate Lane , Gateshead NE10 0JY , U.K
| | - Alison L Parry
- AkzoNobel , Marine and Protective Coatings, Stoneygate Lane , Gateshead NE10 0JY , U.K
| | - Kevin J Reynolds
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , U.K
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , U.K
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12
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Abstract
In marine industries, the accumulation of organic matter and marine organisms on ship hulls and instruments limits performance, requiring frequent maintenance and increasing fuel costs. Current coatings technology to combat this biofouling relies heavily on the use of toxic, biocide-containing paints. These pose a serious threat to marine ecosystems, affecting both target and nontarget organisms. Innovation in the design of polymers offers an excellent platform for the development of alternatives, but the creation of a broad-spectrum, nontoxic material still poses quite a hurdle for researchers. Surface chemistry, physical properties, durability, and attachment scheme have been shown to play a vital role in the construction of a successful coating. This review explores why these characteristics are important and how recent research accounts for them in the design and synthesis of new environmentally benign antifouling and fouling release materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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13
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Abstract
The widespread occurrence of zwitterionic compounds in nature has incited their frequent use in designing biomimetic materials. Therefore, zwitterionic polymers are a thriving field. A particular interest for this particular polymer class has currently focused on their use in establishing neutral, low-fouling surfaces. After highlighting strategies to prepare model zwitterionic surfaces as well as those that are more suitable for practical purposes relying strongly on radical polymerization methods, we present recent efforts to diversify the structure of the hitherto quite limited variety of zwitterionic monomers and of the derived polymers. We identify key structural variables, consider their influence on essential properties such as overall hydrophilicity and long-term stability, and discuss promising targets for the synthesis of new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam , Karl-Liebknechtstr. 24-25 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP , Geiselbergstr. 69 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytische Chemie-Biogrenzflächen , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstr. 150 NC , 44801 Bochum , Germany
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14
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Knowles BR, Yang D, Wagner P, Maclaughlin S, Higgins MJ, Molino PJ. Zwitterion Functionalized Silica Nanoparticle Coatings: The Effect of Particle Size on Protein, Bacteria, and Fungal Spore Adhesion. Langmuir 2019; 35:1335-1345. [PMID: 30086644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The negative impacts that arise from biological fouling of surfaces have driven the development of coatings with unique physical and chemical properties that are able to prevent interactions with fouling species. Here, we report on low-fouling hydrophilic coatings presenting nanoscaled features prepared from different size silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) functionalized with zwitterionic chemistries. Zwitterionic sulfobetaine siloxane (SB) was reacted to SiNPs ranging in size from 7 to 75 nm. Particle stability and grafting density were confirmed using dynamic light scattering and thermogravimetric analysis. Thin coatings of nanoparticles were prepared by spin-coating aqueous particle suspensions. The resulting coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle goniometry. SB functionalized particle coatings displayed increased hydrophilicity compared to unmodified particle coating controls while increasing particle size correlated with increased coating roughness and increased surface area. Coatings of zwitterated particles demonstrated a high degree of nonspecific protein resistance, as measured by quartz crystal microgravimetry. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin and hydrophobin proteins were reduced by up to 91 and 94%, respectively. Adhesion of bacteria ( Escherichia coli) to zwitterion modified particle coatings were also significantly reduced over both short and long-term assays. Maximum reductions of 97% and 94% were achieved over 2 and 24 h assay periods, respectively. For unmodified particle coatings, protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion were generally reduced with increasing particle size. Adhesion of fungal spores to SB modified SiNP coatings was also reduced, however no clear trends in relation to particle size were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna R Knowles
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing , Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , New South Wales 2500 , Australia
- BlueScope Innovation Laboratories , Old Port Road , Port Kembla , New South Wales 2505 , Australia
| | - Dan Yang
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing , Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , New South Wales 2500 , Australia
| | - Pawel Wagner
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , New South Wales 2500 , Australia
| | - Shane Maclaughlin
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing , Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
- BlueScope Innovation Laboratories , Old Port Road , Port Kembla , New South Wales 2505 , Australia
| | - Michael J Higgins
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing , Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , New South Wales 2500 , Australia
| | - Paul J Molino
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing , Wollongong , New South Wales 2522 , Australia
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , New South Wales 2500 , Australia
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15
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Koc J, Schönemann E, Amuthalingam A, Clarke J, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Low-Fouling Thin Hydrogel Coatings Made of Photo-Cross-Linked Polyzwitterions. Langmuir 2019; 35:1552-1562. [PMID: 30376714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although zwitterionic chemistries are among the most promising materials for producing nonfouling surfaces, their structural diversity has been low until now. Here, we compare the in vitro fouling behavior of a set of four systematically varied sulfa-/sulfobetaine-containing zwitterionic hydrogel coatings against a series of proteins and nonmotile as well as motile marine organisms as model foulers. The coatings are prepared by simultaneous photoinduced cross-linking and surface anchoring to elucidate the effect of the molecular structure of the zwitterionic moieties on their antifouling activity. Analogously prepared coatings of poly(butyl methacrylate) and poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) serve as references. Photoreactive polymers are synthesized by the statistical copolymerization of sulfobetaine or sulfabetaine methacrylates and methacrylamides with a benzophenone derivative of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and are applied as a thin film coating. While keeping the density of the zwitterionic and cross-linker groups constant, the molecular structure of the zwitterionic side chains is varied systematically, as is the arrangement of the ion pairs in the side chain by changing the classical linear geometry to a novel Y-shaped geometry. All of the polyzwitterions strongly reduce fouling compared to poly(butyl methacrylate). Overall, the sulfabetaine polyzwitterion coatings studied matches the high antifouling effectiveness of oligo(ethylene glycol)-based ones used as a control. Nevertheless, performances varied individually for a given pair of polymer and fouler. The case of the polysulfobetaines exemplifies that minor chemical changes in the polymer structure affect the antifouling performance markedly. Accordingly, the antifouling performance of such polymers cannot be correlated simply to the type of zwitterion used (which could be generally ranked as better performing or poorer performing) but is a result of the polymer's precise chemical structure. Our findings underline the need to enlarge the existing structural diversity of polyzwitterions for antifouling purposes to optimize the potential of their chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces , Ruhr University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Eric Schönemann
- Department of Chemistry , University Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Ajitha Amuthalingam
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces , Ruhr University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Jessica Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , United Kingdom
| | - Andre Laschewsky
- Department of Chemistry , University Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces , Ruhr University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany
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16
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Abstract
Large quantities of organic ion-exchange resins are used worldwide for water decontamination and polishing. Fouling by microorganisms and decomposition products of natural organic matter severely limits the lifetime of these resins. Much research has thus been invested in polymer-based antifouling coatings. In the present study, poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and a co-polymer of PSS and a zwitterionic group were used to spontaneously coat commercial Dowex 1X8 anion-exchange resin. UV-visible spectroscopy provided a precise measure of the kinetics and amount of PSS sorbed onto or into resin beads. When challenged with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae, uncoated resin was rapidly fouled by algae. Coating the resin with either the homopolymer of PSS or the co-polymer with zwitterion eliminated fouling. Using narrow- and wide-molecular-weight distribution PSS, a cutoff molecular weight of about 240 repeat units was found, above which PSS was unable to diffuse into the resin. Thus, only one monolayer of added PSS was sufficient to confer a highly desirable antifouling property on this resin while consuming less than 0.1% of the exchanger capacity. Radioactive sulfate ions were used to probe the kinetics of (self)exchange, which were virtually unaffected by the PSS coating. This resin treatment is a fast, ultra-low-cost step for potentially enhancing the lifetime of ion exchangers.
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17
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Nolte KA, Schwarze J, Beyer CD, Özcan O, Rosenhahn A. Parallelized microfluidic diatom accumulation assay to test fouling-release coatings. Biointerphases 2018; 13:041007. [PMID: 30021446 DOI: 10.1116/1.5034090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the efficiency of the next generation of protective marine coatings is highly relevant for their optimization. In this paper, a parallelized microfluidic testing device is presented to quantify the accumulation of a model organism (Navicula perminuta) under constant laminar flow. Using automated microscopy in conjunction with image analysis, the adhesion densities on the tested surfaces could be determined after exposure to a flow of suspended algae for 90 min. The optimized protocol for the assay is presented, and the reproducibility of the densities of attached diatoms was verified on four identical surfaces (self-assembled dodecanethiol monolayers). A set of well-characterized self-assembled monolayers with different chemical terminations was used to validate the performance of the assay and its capability to discriminate diatom accumulation on different surface chemistries under dynamic conditions. The observed trends are in good agreement with previously published results obtained in single channel accumulation and detachment assays. To demonstrate the practical relevance of the dynamic experiment, diatom attachment on four technically relevant silicone coatings with different fouling-release properties could clearly be distinguished.
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18
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Nolte KA, Koc J, Barros JM, Hunsucker K, Schultz MP, Swain GW, Rosenhahn A. Dynamic field testing of coating chemistry candidates by a rotating disk system. Biofouling 2018; 34:398-409. [PMID: 29734815 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1459578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quick and reliable testing is crucial for the development of new fouling release (FR) coatings. Exposure of these coatings to natural multispecies communities is essential in evaluating their efficacy. To this end, we present a rotating disk setup for dynamic field exposure. To achieve a well-defined flow on the surface of the disk, an easy to use sample mounting system was developed that provides a smooth and even surface. We related the angular velocity of the disk to the wall shear stress on the surface with a hydrodynamic model. The wall shear stress was adjusted to values previously found to be suitable to discriminate dynamic diatom attachment on different coating chemistries in the lab. The effect of the dynamic conditions was shown by comparing polystyrene slides under static and dynamic exposure. Using a set of self-assembled monolayers, the discrimination potential of the assay in a multispecies environment was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Nolte
- a Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- a Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - J M Barros
- b Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering , United States Naval Academy , Annapolis , MD , USA
| | - Kelli Hunsucker
- c Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control , Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne , FL , USA
| | - Michael P Schultz
- b Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering , United States Naval Academy , Annapolis , MD , USA
| | - G W Swain
- c Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control , Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne , FL , USA
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- a Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany
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Ventura C, Guerin AJ, El-Zubir O, Ruiz-Sanchez AJ, Dixon LI, Reynolds KJ, Dale ML, Ferguson J, Houlton A, Horrocks BR, Clare AS, Fulton DA. Marine antifouling performance of polymer coatings incorporating zwitterions. Biofouling 2017; 33:892-903. [PMID: 29083230 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1383983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic materials display antifouling promise, but their potential in marine anti-biofouling is still largely unexplored. This study evaluates the effectiveness of incorporating small quantities (0-20% on a molar basis) of zwitterions as sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) or carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA) into lauryl methacrylate-based coatings whose relatively hydrophobic nature encourages adhesion of the diatom Navicula incerta, a common microfouling organism responsible for the formation of 'slime'. This approach allows potential enhancements in antifouling afforded by zwitterion incorporation to be easily quantified. The results suggest that the incorporation of CBMA does provide a relatively minor enhancement in fouling-release performance, in contrast to SBMA which does not display any enhancement. Studies with coatings incorporating mixtures of varying ratios of the cationic monomer [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride and the anionic monomer (3-sulfopropyl)methacrylate, which offer a potentially lower cost approach to the incorporation of anionic and cationic charge, suggest these monomers impart little significant effect on biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ventura
- a Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Andrew J Guerin
- b School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Osama El-Zubir
- a Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Antonio J Ruiz-Sanchez
- a Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Luke I Dixon
- a Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Kevin J Reynolds
- c Performance Coatings Research , AkzoNobel Coatings Ltd , Gateshead , UK
| | - Marie L Dale
- c Performance Coatings Research , AkzoNobel Coatings Ltd , Gateshead , UK
| | - James Ferguson
- c Performance Coatings Research , AkzoNobel Coatings Ltd , Gateshead , UK
| | - Andrew Houlton
- a Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Benjamin R Horrocks
- a Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- b School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - David A Fulton
- a Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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