Terminal Molecular Isomer-Effect on Supramolecular Self-Assembly System Based on Naphthalimide Derivative and Its Sensing Application for Mercury(II) and Iron(III) Ions

Recent Advances in Self-Assembled Naphthalimides: From Molecular Design to Applications

Naphthalimide-based self-assembled materials have gained significant attention in recent years because of their exceptional versatility and wide range of applications, from sensors and electronics to biomedical. Naphthalimides derivatives, with ease of functionalization and robust photophysical properties, became an ideal platform for creating highly ordered self-assembled architectures with tailored functionalities. This review provides an overall understanding of the recent developments in the synthesis and self-assembly of naphthalimide-based materials, focusing on how self-assembly enhances their performance in various applications. The review examines the role of self-assembly in improving these materials' optical, mechanical, and electronic properties, highlighting their use in sensors for detecting gases, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and amines. Furthermore, the integration of self-assembled naphthalimides in light-emitting devices, energy-harvesting systems, and fluorescence-based imaging demonstrates their potential in both electronic and biological applications. By analyzing recent developments in molecular design, self-assembly strategies, and applications, this review aims to offer insights into how these materials can be optimized for future technological advancements.

A sensitive molecular probe exhibiting significant change in their photophysical and morphological behavior upon interaction with Fe3+ ion

An efficient molecular probe 8 has been designed and synthesized. The photophysical, electrochemical and morphological behavior of the probe has been examined in the absence and presence of different ions. The probe 8 at 90 % water fraction in acetonitrile showed aggregation induced emission (AIE). Probe 8 upon interaction with ions binds with Fe3+ ion selectively in a 1:1 stoichiometry and showed fluorescence "turn-Off" response with good limit of detection (LOD = 92.2 nM). The particle size (DLS method) of probe upon increasing water fraction in acetonitrile showed a gradual increase while upon formation of a stable complex, 8 + Fe3+ particle size decreased along with change in morphology of the probe. SEM and TEM studies showed that in pure acetonitrile probe self-assemble into a sheet like structure of uneven surface. While in aggregated state (fw, 90 %) it changes to a uniform hollow rectangular rod shape structure. Further interaction of the probe with Fe3+ ions in aggregated state acquired a well-defined smooth sheet. Electrochemical (CV) studies suggested that the redox property of the probe incurred a marginal change in band gap upon complexation with Fe3+. The cell imaging studies were performed to detect Fe3+ in HeLa cells. The paper strip test and real water sample analysis showed the potential analytical application of probe to detect Fe3+ with a naked-eye sensitive visible color change. The formation of a complex, 8 + Fe3+ involving N and O atoms of the probe molecule was confirmed by 1HNMR and HRMS data.

Design, Synthesis and Application of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole Based Chemosensors: A Promising Avenue

The 1,2,3-triazole-based chemosensors, synthesized through Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition via 'click chemistry', offer a straightforward yet highly effective method for detecting metal cations and anions with remarkable accuracy, selectivity and sensitivity, making them invaluable across various fields such as chemistry, pharmacology, environmental science and biology. The selective recognition of these ions is crucial due to their significant roles in biological and physiological processes, where even slight concentration variations can have major consequences. The article reviews literature from 2017 to 2024, highlighting advancements in the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-based ligands and their application (along with sensing mechanism) for detection of various ions causing health and environmental hazards. The detection aspects have been discussed sequentially for the transition-, inner transition-, and the metals from the s or p block of the periodic table.

Harnessing Glycolipids for Supramolecular Gelation: A Contemporary Review

Within the scope of this review, our exploration spans diverse facets of amphiphilic glycolipid-based low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs). This journey explores glycolipid synthesis, self-assembly, and gelation with tailorable properties. It begins by examining the design of glycolipids and their influence on gel formation. Following this, a brief exploration of several gel characterization techniques adds another layer to the understanding of these materials. The final section is dedicated to unraveling the various applications of these glycolipid-based supramolecular gels. A meticulous analysis of available glycolipid gelators and their correlations with desired properties for distinct applications is a pivotal aspect of their investigation. As of the present moment, there exists a notable absence of a review dedicated exclusively to glycolipid gelators. This study aims to bridge this critical gap by presenting an overview that provides novel insights into their unique properties and versatile applications. This holistic examination seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of molecular design, structural characteristics, and functional applications of glycolipid gelators by offering insights that can propel advancements in these converging scientific disciplines. Overall, this review highlights the diverse classifications of glycolipid-derived gelators and particularly emphasizes their capacity to form gels.

Calix[4]arene-based Supramolecular Gels for Mercury Ion Removal in Water

A calix[4]arene-based gelator 1, with lower-rim mono triazolylpyridine group, capable of spontaneous self-assembly into microspheres in different ethanol/H2 O mixtures, is synthesized. The concentration-dependent 1 H NMR spectra and X-ray single-crystal structure of 1 provided evidence for self-assembly of gelator 1 via cooperative interactions of intermolecular noncovalent forces. Furthermore, metallogels by self-assembly of 1 was found to exhibit remarkable selectivity toward Hg2+ ions. 1 H NMR spectra support that Hg2+ ion was bound to the nitrogen atoms of two coordination sites of 1, which composed of triazole and pyridine. Moreover, the results of field emission scanning electron microscopy and rheology experiments indicated that Hg2+ ions not only enhanced the gelling ability of gelator 1 in ethanol but also led to morphological change of its self-assembly through metal-ligand interactions. Finally, the in situ gelation, triggered by mixing a gelator solution of 1 in ethanol with water samples such as deionized (DI), tap, and lake water, leads to the effective removal of Hg(II) from a water sample which reduced from 400 to 1.6 ppm.

Fluorescence "Turn OFF-ON" detection of Fe3+ and propiconazole pesticide using blue emissive carbon dots from lemon peel

In this study, water-soluble carbon dots (CDs) were employed as a novel fluorescence "turn OFF-ON" sensor to detect Fe³⁺ ions in pharmaceutical sample and propiconazole (PC) in food samples. Blue fluorescent "LPCDs" are synthesized from the lemon peel that exhibited emission at 468 nm when excited at 378 nm. The average size of the as-prepared LPCDs is 2.03 nm, displaying a quantum yield of 32 %. Fluorescence "turn OFF-ON" strategy was developed for sensing of Fe³⁺ ion and PC, demonstrating favorable linearity in the range of 0.5-180 μM and 0.1-40 μM with the detection limits of 0.18 μM and 0.054 μM for Fe³⁺ and PC, respectively. Further, LPCDs-loaded cellulose paper was used as visual reader to detect Fe³⁺ and PC. This approach was effectively applied to detect Fe³⁺ and PC in pharmaceutical and vegetable samples.

Fluorescent Quinoline-Based Supramolecular Gel for Selective and Ratiometric Sensing Zinc Ion with Multi-Modes

A gelator 1 containing functional quinoline and Schiff base groups that could form organogels in DMF, DMSO, acetone, ethanol and 1,4-dioxane was designed and synthesized. The self-assembly process of geator 1 was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and water contact angle. Under non-covalent interactions, gelator 1 self-assembled into microbelts and nanofiber structures with different surface wettability. Weak fluorescence was emitted from the solution and gel state of 1. Interestingly, gelator 1 exhibited good selectivity and sensitivity towards Zn2+ in solution and gel states along with its emission enhancement and change. The emission intensity at 423 nm of solution 1 in 1,4-dioxane was slightly enhanced, and a new emission peak appeared at 545 nm along with its intensity sequentially strengthened in the titration process. The obvious ratiometric detection process was presented with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5.51 μM. The detection mechanism was revealed by a theoretical calculation and NMR titration experiment, which was that Zn2+ induced the transition from trans- to cis- of molecule 1 and further coordinated with 1. This study will introduce a new method for the construction of functional self-assembly gel sensors for the detection of Zn2+.

Bis-Pyridine-Based Organogel with AIE Effect and Sensing Performance towards Hg2

A novel gelator (1) based on a bis-pyridine derivative was designed and synthesized, which could form stable gels in methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, DMF/H₂O (4/1, v/v) and DMSO/H₂O (4/1, v/v). The self-assembly process of gelator 1 was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction and a water contact angle experiment. Gelator 1 exhibited obvious AIE behavior. On the base of its AIE, the gel of 1 could detect Hg²⁺, which resulted in fluorescence quenching and a gel–sol transition. ¹H NMR titration experiments with Hg²⁺ revealed that the metal coordination interaction induced the fluorescence quenching and the breakdown of the noncovalent interaction in the gel system. This research provides a new molecular mode for designing a functional self-assembly gel system.

A novel fluorometric chemosensor based on imidazo[4,5-b]phenazine-2-thione for ultrasensitive detection and separation of Hg2+ in aqueous solution

We synthesized and developed 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]phenazine-2-thione as a ratiometric chemosensor for Hg2+ recognition in a DMSO/H2O (v/v = 9:1) binary solution. We rationally introduced the phenazine imidazole group as the fluorophore and the thione moiety as the recognition site to bind Hg2+. Interestingly, the chemosensor showed an ultrasensitive response to Hg2+, and the lowest limit of detection was 0.167 nM. In addition, it can also separate Hg2+ from aqueous solutions with excellent ingestion capacity, with an adsorption ratio of up to 96%. Furthermore, ion test strips based on chemosensors were fabricated for convenient and efficient detection of Hg2+.

Monitoring of Fe (II) ions in living cells using a novel quinoline-derived fluorescent probe

Physiologically, Fe(III) and Fe(II) is the most important redox pairs in a variety of biological and environmental procedures with its capability of transition. The detection of physiological iron, especially Fe(II), has become the recent research focus of investigations on revealing the mechanism of iron-related metabolism. In this work, we exploited a novel quinoline-derived fluorescent probe, YTP, for the detection of Fe(II). It could monitor the level of Fe(II) with a linear range of 0-2.0 equivalent and the detection limit of 0.16 µM. High selectivity from other analytes including Fe(III) and steadiness for over 24 h confirmed the practicability of YTP. YTP was further applied in real buffer systems and in cellular imaging. The probe could achieve the semi-quantitative monitoring of Fe(II) in living cells. This work provided a potential implement for the detection of Fe(II), and raised important information for further researches on the redox pairs of iron, in mechanism and in practice.

Sequential and cellular detection of copper and lactic acid by disaggregation and reaggregation of the fluorescent panchromatic fibres of an acylthiourea based sensor

We report, for the first time, the self-assembly of an acyl-thiourea based sensor, N-{(6-methoxy-pyridine-2-yl) carbamothioyl}benzamide (NG1), with panchromatic fluorescent fibres and its dual-sensing properties for the sequential detection of Cu2+ ions and lactic acid. The panchromatic fibres formed by NG1 were disrupted in the presence of Cu2+ ions and this was accompanied by a visible colour change in the solution from colourless to yellow. The addition of lactic acid to the NG1 + Cu2+ solution, on the other hand, induced re-aggregation to fibrillar structures and the colour of the solution again changed to colourless. Hence, it may be surmised that the disaggregation and re-aggregation impart unique dual-sensing properties to NG1 for the sequential detection of Cu2+ ions and lactic acid. The application of NG1 as a selective sensor for Cu2+ ions and lactic acid has been assessed in detail by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, two structural variants of NG1, namely, NG2 and NG3, were synthesized, which suggest the crucial role of pyridine in imparting panchromatic emission properties and of both pyridine and acyl-thiourea side chain in the binding of Cu2+ ions. The O-methoxy group plays an important part in making NG1 the most sensitive probe of its structural analogs. Finally, the utility of NG1 for the sequential and cellular detection of Cu2+ ions and lactic acid was studied in human RPE cells. The experimental results of the interaction of NG1 with Cu2+ ions and lactic acid have also been validated theoretically by using quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report wherein a dual sensor for Cu2+ ions and lactate ions is synthesized. More importantly, the aggregation properties of the sensor have been studied extensively and an interesting correlation of the photophysical properties of the probe with its self-assembling behavior has been elucidated.

Naphthalimide-decorated imino-phenol: supramolecular gelation and selective sensing of Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions under different experimental conditions

Compound 1 forms gels in DMF–H₂O (1 : 1, v/v) and DMSO–H₂O (1 : 1, v/v). While it was insensitive to any metal ion in DMF–H₂O, the gel state was responsive to Fe³⁺ over the other metal ions studied. In CH₃CN or aqueous CH₃CN compound 1 senses Cu²⁺ ion.

Self-assembly of isomeric naphthalene appended glucono derivatives: nanofibers and nanotwists with circularly polarized luminescence emission

Two isomeric naphthalene appended glucono derivatives substituted at the 1 or 2-naphthyl positions (Nap-1 and Nap-2) were designed and their self-assembly behaviors and optical properties were investigated. Nap-1 and Nap-2 were found to self-assemble into nanofibers and nanotwists, respectively. While the molecular chirality of the glucono moiety could not be effectively transferred to the naphthalene moiety in the Nap-1 system, this was achieved in the Nap-2 assembly. Thus, the Nap-2 assembly showed obvious circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signals. From the XRD patterns and IR spectra of the supramolecular assemblies, it was found that Nap-2 packed in a more orderly fashion than Nap-1, leading to a hierarchical assembly forming nanotwist structures. Moreover, a light-harvesting system based on Nap-2 supramolecular gels and dyes was established, in which an efficient energy transfer was demonstrated from Nap-2 to an acceptor Eosin Y. It was further found that both chirality and energy transfer enhanced the dissymmetry factor of Eosin Y CPL emission.

Unsaturation and Polar Head Effect on Gelation, Bioactive Release, and Cr/Cu Removal Ability of Glycolipids

Designing of multifunctional soft and smart materials from natural sources is a useful strategy for producing safer chemicals having potential applications in biomedical research and pharmaceutical industries. Herein, eight glycolipids with variation in unsaturation of hydrophobic tail and polar headgroup size were designed. The effect of unsaturation in the tail group and headgroup size on gelation ability, and mechanical and thermal stability of glycolipid hydro/organogels was studied to understand structure and property relationship. Glycolipids are functional amphiphilic molecules having potential applications in the field of drug delivery and metal removal. The encapsulation capacity and kinetic release behavior of hydrophobic/hydrophilic bioactives like curcumin/riboflavin from the hydrophobic/hydrophilic pockets of glycolipids hydro/organogels was examined. A significant observation was that the glucamine moiety of the glycolipid headgroup plays a vital role in removal of Cr and Cu from oil/water biphasic systems. Typical functions of the glycolipid hydrogels are metal chelation and enzyme-triggered release behavior, enabled them as promising material for Cr, Cu removal from edible oils and controlled release of water soluble/insoluble bioactives.

Fluorescent supramolecular hierarchical self-assemblies from glycosylated 4-amino- and 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalimides

The investigation into the self-assembly formation of the glycan based 4-amino- and 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalimide (Nap) structures1–3is presented.

Two-dimensional Cd(ii) coordination polymer encapsulated by Tb3+ as a reversible luminescent probe for Fe3

A two-dimensional luminescent cadmium(ii) coordination polymer, [Cd(modbc)2] n (Cd-P); modbc = 2-methyl-6-oxygen-1,6-dihydro-3,4'-bipyridine-5-carbonitrile, was successfully synthesized by a solvothermal reaction and fully characterized. Cd-P exhibited excellent luminescence emission, and detected Cu2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, Ni2+ and Fe3+ ions with high sensitivity and showed good anti-interference performance. After encapsulation of Tb3+ ions in Cd-P, the as-obtained fluorescent functionalized Tb3+@Cd-P maintained distinct chemical stabilities in different pHs and metal salt solutions. Subsequently, we explored the potential application of Tb3+@Cd-P as a probe for Fe3+ ions. A new and convenient method for individual identification of Fe3+ ions by the combination of Cd-P and Tb3+@Cd-P was successfully established. A possible sensing mechanism is discussed in detail.

A novel AIE-based supramolecular polymer gel serves as an ultrasensitive detection and efficient separation material for multiple heavy metal ions

Recently, ultrasensitive stimuli-responsive materials have received extensive attention due to their high sensitivity and wide applications. Herein, we report a novel approach to design ultrasensitive responsive materials by rationally introducing the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect into supramolecular polymer gels. According to this approach, by rationally introducing self-assembly moieties and a fluorophore, the obtained gelator DNS can act as an AIEgen; it showed strong AIE after aggregating into the supramolecular polymer gel GDNS. More interestingly, because the aggregation of DNS led to amplification of the detective signal, the AIE-based supramolecular polymer gel GDNS could ultrasensitively detect the heavy metal ions Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ by a signal amplification mechanism; the lowest detection limits reached 10-11 M. In addition, the xerogel of GDNS could adsorb and separate Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ from aqueous solution with favourable adsorption properties, and the adsorption rates ranged from 94.70% to 99.37%. Furthermore, the gel GDNS could act as a convenient test kit for Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ as well as a smart fluorescent display material.

Multifunctional supramolecular self-assembly system for colorimetric detection of Hg2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and continuous sensing of volatile acids and organic amine gases

A novel multifunctional gelator (1) based on an azobenzene derivative was designed and characterized. This compound could gelate some solvents including hexane, petroleum ether, DMSO, acetonitrile and ethanol through a heating-cooling procedure. The self-assembly process in different solvents was studied by means of UV-vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), rheological measurements, X-ray powder diffraction and water contact angle experiments. Interestingly, compound 1 had a high-contrast colorimetric detection ability towards Hg2+, Cu2+, Fe3+ and volatile acids and further organic amine gases in solution through its color change. At the same time, organogel 1 in acetonitrile also exhibited detection performance through a color or gel state change. In the response process, the self-assembly structures were changed from a nanofiber into a microsphere under induction by analytes. More significantly, film 1 could continuously detect volatile acids and organic amine gases. The number of cycles of film 1 for the detection of volatile acids and organic amine gases was at least seven times. The limit of detection (LOD) of film 1 towards TFA was calculated to be 0.0848 ppb. The sensing mechanisms were studied using 1HNMR, FESEM, UV-vis absorption spectra and HRMS. The intramolecular cyclization occurred on molecule 1 and a H2S molecule was lost during the detection process of Hg2+. It was proposed that the -N[double bond, length as m-dash]N- bonding could be coordinated by Fe3+ and Cu2+ and this further induced the absorption spectra and color change. For a volatile acid, it was possible that the volatile acid was combined with the N,N-dimethyl amine group of molecule 1. This research opens up a novel pathway to the fabrication of supramolecular self-assembly gels to detect polymetallic ions and trace volatile acids in the environment.

Boron-doped graphitic carbon nitride as a novel fluorescent probe for mercury(ii) and iron(iii): a circuit logic gate mimic

Boron-g-C₃N₄ was applied as a novel practical fluorescent probe to detect mercury and ferric ions in real samples.