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Zhang C, Li JB, Zhang YW, Tang YS, Yu XF, Zhang QG, Jin Z, Hou SC, Shaw PC, Hu C. Novel benzamide derivatives with indole moiety as dual-target antiviral agents: Rational design, efficient synthesis, and potent anti-influenza activity through concurrent binding to PA C terminal domain and viral nucleoprotein. Eur J Med Chem 2025; 293:117681. [PMID: 40367674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2025] [Accepted: 04/23/2025] [Indexed: 05/16/2025]
Abstract
In this study, a series of benzamide derivatives with an indole moiety as dual-target inhibitors were designed, synthesized and evaluated against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex of influenza viruses. The target compounds can simultaneously disrupt two key molecular interactions: the PAC terminal domain and the nucleoprotein (NP) oligomerization. Through efficient synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis, compounds 8e and 8f as highly potent inhibitors were identified. Both compounds (8e and 8f) exhibited submicromolar EC50 values (1.64 ± 0.05 μM and 1.41 ± 0.27 μM) against influenza A virus (H1N1, A/WSN/33) and broad-spectrum activity against other influenza strains, including influenza B virus and multiple subtypes of influenza A. Notably, their cytotoxicity was significantly reduced compared to previous benzofurazan derivatives, with CC50 values exceeding 100 μM. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments confirmed that 8e and 8f bound strongly to the PA C-terminal domain (KD = 8.90 μM and 4.82 μM) and NP (KD = 52.5 μM and 3.13 μM). Computational modeling approaches, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and dynamical cross-correlation matrix (DCCM) analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, were employed to elucidate the putative binding modes and delineate critical interaction sites between the ligands and target proteins. These insights not only modulated subsequent structure-based lead optimization but also strengthened our understanding of the molecular determinants governing antiviral activity. This research provides a promising scaffold for developing dual-target antiviral agents with enhanced potency and safety, offering new strategies to combat influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jia-Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yi-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yun-Sang Tang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiao-Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qing-Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhe Jin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Német N, Lawson HS, Itatani M, Rossi F, Suematsu NJ, Kitahata H, Lagzi I. A Non-Autonomous Amphoteric Metal Hydroxide Oscillations and Pattern Formation in Hydrogels. Molecules 2025; 30:1323. [PMID: 40142098 PMCID: PMC11944573 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30061323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2025] [Revised: 03/10/2025] [Accepted: 03/13/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Oscillations in animate and inanimate systems are ubiquitous phenomena driven by sophisticated chemical reaction networks. Non-autonomous chemical oscillators have been designed to mimic oscillatory behavior using programmable syringe pumps. Here, we investigated the non-autonomous oscillations, pattern formation, and front propagation of amphoteric hydroxide (aluminum (III), zinc (II), tin (II), and lead (II)) precipitates under controlled pH conditions. A continuous stirred-tank reactor with modulated inflows of acidic and alkaline solutions generated pH oscillations, leading to periodic precipitation and dissolution of metal hydroxides in time. The generated turbidity oscillations exhibited ion-specific patterns, enabling their characterization through quantitative parameters such as peak width (W) and asymmetry (As). The study of mixed metal cationic systems showed that turbidity patterns contained signatures of both hydroxides due to the formation of mixed hydroxides and oxyhydroxides. The reaction-diffusion setup in solid hydrogel columns produced spatial precipitation patterns depending on metal cations and their concentrations. Additionally, in the case of tin (II), a propagating precipitation front was observed in a thin precipitation layer. These findings provide new insights into precipitation pattern formation and open avenues for metal ion identification and further exploration of complex reaction-diffusion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Német
- Department of Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (H.S.L.); (M.I.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hugh Shearer Lawson
- Department of Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (H.S.L.); (M.I.)
| | - Masaki Itatani
- Department of Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (H.S.L.); (M.I.)
| | - Federico Rossi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Piazzetta Enzo Tiezzi 1, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Nobuhiko J. Suematsu
- Meiji Institute of Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences (MIMS), Meiji University, 4-21-1 Nakano, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan;
- Graduate School of Advanced Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, 4-21-1 Nakano, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitahata
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan;
| | - István Lagzi
- Department of Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (H.S.L.); (M.I.)
- HUN-REN–BME Condensed Matter Physics Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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Bigaj A, Budroni MA, Rongy L. Exploring buoyancy-driven effects in chemo-hydrodynamic oscillations sustained by bimolecular reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2025; 27:1008-1016. [PMID: 39670665 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp03617d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2024]
Abstract
Exotic dynamics, previously associated only with reactions involving complex kinetics, have been observed even with simple bimolecular reactions A + B → C, when coupled with hydrodynamical flows. Numerical studies in two-dimensional reactors have shown that oscillatory dynamics can emerge from an antagonistic coupling between chemically-driven buoyancy and Marangoni convective flows, induced by changes in density and surface tension, respectively, as the reaction occurs. Here, we investigate reactions increasing both surface tension and density, leading to a cooperative coupling between the flows and show how, in this configuration, buoyancy-driven contribution dampens spatio-temporal oscillations of concentration. We finally identify the key parameters controlling the onset and persistence of the oscillatory instability, namely the density and surface tension gradients, and the systems height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bigaj
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Service de Chimie Physique et Biologie Théorique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 231 - Campus Plaine, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marcello A Budroni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Laurence Rongy
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Service de Chimie Physique et Biologie Théorique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 231 - Campus Plaine, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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4
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Lee WS, Enomoto T, Akimoto AM, Yoshida R. Temperature-Adaptative Self-Oscillating Gels: Toward Autonomous Biomimetic Soft Actuators with Broad Operating Temperature Region. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400038. [PMID: 38684191 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Self-oscillating gel systems exhibiting an expanded operating temperature and accompanying functional adaptability are showcased. The developed system contains nonthermoresponsive main-monomers, such as N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) or acrylamide (AAm) or 3-(methacryloylamino)propyl trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC). The gels volumetrically self-oscillate within the range of the conventional (20.0 °C) and extended (27.0 and 36.5 °C) temperatures. Moreover, the gels successfully adapt to the environmental changes; they beat faster and smaller as the temperature increases. The period and amplitude are also controlled by tuning the amount of main-monomers and N-(3-aminopropyl) acrylamide. Furthermore, the record amplitude in the bulk gel system consisting of polymer strand and cross-linker at 36.5 °C is achieved (≈10.8%). The study shows new self-oscillation systems composed of unprecedented combinations of materials, giving the community a robust material-based insight for developing more life-like autonomous biomimetic soft robots with various operating temperatures and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Seok Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takafumi Enomoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Aya Mizutani Akimoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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Geher-Herczegh T, Wang Z, Masuda T, Vasudevan N, Yoshida R, Hayashi Y. Harmonic resonance and entrainment of propagating chemical waves by external mechanical stimulation in BZ self-oscillating hydrogels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320331121. [PMID: 38593071 PMCID: PMC11032451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320331121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Smart polymer materials that are nonliving yet exhibit complex "life-like" or biomimetic behaviors have been the focus of intensive research over the past decades, in the quest to broaden our understanding of how living systems function under nonequilibrium conditions. Identification of how chemical and mechanical coupling can generate resonance and entrainment with other cells or external environment is an important research question. We prepared Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) self-oscillating hydrogels which convert chemical energy to mechanical oscillation. By cyclically applying external mechanical stimulation to the BZ hydrogels, we found that when the oscillation of a gel sample entered into harmonic resonance with the applied oscillation during stimulation, the system kept a "memory" of the resonant oscillation period and maintained it post stimulation, demonstrating an entrainment effect. More surprisingly, by systematically varying the cycle length of the external stimulation, we revealed the discrete nature of the stimulation-induced resonance and entrainment behaviors in chemical oscillations of BZ hydrogels, i.e., the hydrogels slow down their oscillation periods to the harmonics of the cycle length of the external mechanical stimulation. Our theoretical model calculations suggest the important roles of the delayed mechanical response caused by reactant diffusion and solvent migration in affecting the chemomechanical coupling in active hydrogels and consequently synchronizing their chemical oscillations with external mechanical oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunde Geher-Herczegh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6AS, United Kingdom
| | - Zuowei Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6AX, United Kingdom
| | - Tsukuru Masuda
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Nandini Vasudevan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6AS, United Kingdom
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6AS, United Kingdom
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Bigaj A, Budroni MA, Escala DM, Rongy L. Marangoni- vs. buoyancy-driven flows: competition for spatio-temporal oscillations in A + B → C systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:11707-11716. [PMID: 37060119 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of self-organized behaviors such as spatio-temporal oscillations is well-known for complex reactions involving nonlinear chemical or thermal feedback. Recently, it was shown that local oscillations of the chemical species concentration can be induced under isothermal batch conditions for simple bimolecular A + B → C reactions, provided they are actively coupled with hydrodynamics. When two reactants A and B, initially separated in space, react upon diffusive contact, damped spatio-temporal oscillations could develop when the surface tension increases sufficiently in the reaction zone. Additionally, if the density decreases, the coupling of both surface tension- and buoyancy-driven contributions to the flow can further sustain this oscillatory instability. Here, we investigate the opposite case of a reaction inducing a localized decrease in surface tension and an increase in density in the reacting zones. In this case, the competition arising from the two antagonistic flows is needed to create oscillatory dynamics, i.e., no oscillations are observed for pure chemically driven Marangoni flows. We study numerically these scenarios in a 2-dimensional system and show how they are controlled by the following key parameters: (i) ΔM and ΔR governing the surface tension and density variation during the reaction, respectively, (ii) the layer thickness of the system, and (iii) its lateral length. This work is a further step toward inducing and controlling chemical oscillations in simple reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bigaj
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Service de Chimie Physique et Biologie Théorique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 231 - Campus Plaine, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marcello A Budroni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Darío Martín Escala
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Service de Chimie Physique et Biologie Théorique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 231 - Campus Plaine, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laurence Rongy
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Service de Chimie Physique et Biologie Théorique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 231 - Campus Plaine, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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7
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Lee WS, Enomoto T, Akimoto AM, Yoshida R. Fabrication of submillimeter-sized spherical self-oscillating gels and control of their isotropic volumetric oscillatory behaviors. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1772-1781. [PMID: 36779908 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01604d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we established a fabrication method and analyzed the volumetric self-oscillatory behaviors of submillimeter-sized spherical self-oscillating gels. We validated that the manufactured submillimeter-sized spherical self-oscillating gels exhibited isotropic volumetric oscillations during the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. In addition, we experimentally elucidated that the volumetric self-oscillatory behaviors (i.e., period and amplitude) and the oscillatory profiles depended on the following parameters: (1) the molar composition of N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride (NAPMAm) in the gels and (2) the concentration of Ru(bpy)3-NHS solution containing an active ester group on conjugation. These clarified relationships imply that controlling the amount of Ru(bpy)3 in the gel network could influence the gel volumetric oscillation during the BZ reaction. These results of submillimeter-sized and spherical self-oscillating gels bridge knowledge gaps in the current field because the gels with corresponding sizes and shapes have not been systematically explored yet. Therefore, our study could be a cornerstone for diverse applications of (self-powered) gels in various scales and shapes, including soft actuators exhibiting life-like functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Seok Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Enomoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Aya Mizutani Akimoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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8
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Back O, Asally M, Wang Z, Hayashi Y. Electrotaxis behavior of droplets composed of aqueous Belousov-Zhabotinsky solutions suspended in oil phase. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1340. [PMID: 36693937 PMCID: PMC9873656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxis is ubiquitous in biological and physical chemistry systems as a response to various external stimulations. We prepared aqueous droplets containing Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) solutions suspended on an oleic acid oil phase subject to DC electric field and found that these BZ droplets undergo chemically driven translational motion towards the negative electrode under DC electric field. This electrotaxis phenomenon originates from the field-induced inhomogeneous distribution of reactants, in particular Br[Formula: see text] ions, and consequently the biased location of the leading centers towards the positive electrode. We define the 'leading center' (LC) as a specific location within the droplet where the BZ chemical wave (target pattern) is initiated. The chemical wave generated from the LC propagates passing the droplet center of mass and creates a gradient of interfacial tension when reaching the droplet-oil interface on the other side, resulting in a momentum exchange between the droplet and oil phases which drives the droplet motion in the direction of the electric field. A greater electric field strength renders a more substantial electrotaxis effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Back
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Munehiro Asally
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Zuowei Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Yoshikatsu Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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9
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Pirkin-Benameur J, Bouyer D, Quemener D. Self-oscillating polymer membranes with chemically fueled pore size oscillation mediated by pH-responsive polymer. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Identification of the best medium for experiments on chemical computation with Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction and ferroin-loaded Dowex beads. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOur study is focused on identification of the best medium for future experiments on information processing with Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction proceeding in Dowex beads with immobilized catalyst inside. The optimum medium should be characterized by long and stable nonlinear behavior, mechanical stability and should allow for control with electric potential. We considered different types of Dowex ion-exchange resins, bead distributions and various initial concentrations of substrates: malonic acid and 1,4-cyclohexanedione. The electric potential on platinum electrodes, stabilized by a potentiostat is used to control medium evolution. A negative electric potential generates activator species HBrO2 on the working electrode according to the reaction: BrO3− + 2e− + 3H+ → HBrO2 + H2O, while positive electric potential attracts inhibitor species Br− to the proximity of it. We study oscillation amplitude and period stability in systems with ferroin loaded Dowex 50W-X2 and Dowex 50W-X8 beads during experiments exceeding 16 h. It has been observed, that the above mentioned resins generate a smaller number of CO2 bubbles close to the beads than Dowex 50W-X4, which makes Dowex 50W-X2 and Dowex 50W-X8 more suitable for applications in chemical computing. We report amplitude stability, oscillation frequency, merging and annihilation of travelling waves in a lattice of Dowex 50W-X8 beads (mesh size 50–100) in over 19 h long experiments with equimolar solution of malonic acid and 1,4-cyclohexanedione. This system looks as a promising candidate for chemical computing devices that can operate for a day.
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12
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Wang J, Ren L, Yu Z, Teng R, Pan C, Yuan L, Epstein IR, Gao Q. Nanogel Crosslinking-Based Belousov-Zhabotinsky Self-Oscillating Polyacrylamide Gel with Improved Mechanical Properties and Fast Oscillatory Response. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1108-1114. [PMID: 35084851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) self-oscillating gel is a unique actuator suited for studying the behavior of intelligent soft robots. However, the traditional BZ self-oscillating polyacrylamide (PAAm) gel is easily broken and is slow to response to stimuli, which limits its practical application. Therefore, the preparation of BZ gels with sensitive responses to external stimuli and desirable, robust mechanical properties remains a challenge. In this work, PAAm-activated nanogels with unpolymerized double bonds are used as nanocrosslinkers to synthesize a nanogel crosslinking-based BZ (NCBZ) self-oscillating PAAm gel, whose mechanical properties, for example, antipuncture, cutting, and tensile properties, are superior to those of traditional PAAm BZ-self-oscillating gels. The oscillatory period of the traditional gel is much longer than that of the corresponding homogeneous BZ system, resulting from the slow response of the gel to changes in redox potential, whereas large, interconnected pores inside the NCBZ gel provide efficient channels for rapid species transport, supporting fast response of the gel, which results in almost the same period of chemomechanical oscillations as the homogeneous system under the same conditions. Scanning electron microscopy results show that the NCBZ gel is more stable than the traditional BZ PAAm gel after 7 h of oscillation. Our results make it possible to prepare robust gel motors and provide promising application prospects for smart soft robots, actuators, sensors, tissue engineering, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Ren
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu, China.,College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhan Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Teng
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu, China
| | - Changwei Pan
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu, China
| | - Irving R Epstein
- Department of Chemistry and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, 02454-9110 Massachusetts, United States
| | - Qingyu Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116 Jiangsu, China.,Department of Chemistry and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, 02454-9110 Massachusetts, United States
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13
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Li X, Li J, Zheng Z, Deng J, Pan Y, Ding X. A self-oscillating gel system with complex dynamic behavior based on a time delay between the oscillations. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:482-486. [PMID: 34989746 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01635k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The time delay existing between the chemical oscillation and mechanical oscillation (C-M delay) in a self-oscillating gel (SOG) system is observable in previous experimental studies. However, how the C-M delay affects the dynamic behavior of a large anisotropic SOG has not been quantified or reported systematically. In this study, we observed that the oscillation period increases with a decrease in the cross-linking density of the anisotropic SOG, and this determined whether regular mechanical oscillation occurs. Unlike before, the disrupted mechanical oscillations interestingly tend to be regular and periodic under visible light, which is an inhibitor for the B-Z reaction incorporating the Ru complex as a catalyst (Ru-BZ reaction). Moreover, the study of the C-M delay at different scales has far-reaching implications for intelligent soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchen Li
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Li
- Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Zhaohui Zheng
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jinni Deng
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xiaobin Ding
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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14
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Budroni MA, Pagano G, Conte D, Paternoster B, D'ambrosio R, Ristori S, Abou-Hassan A, Rossi F. Synchronization scenarios induced by delayed communication in arrays of diffusively coupled autonomous chemical oscillators. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:17606-17615. [PMID: 34369507 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02221k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We study the impact of delayed feedbacks in the collective synchronization of ensembles of identical and autonomous micro-oscillators. To this aim, we consider linear arrays of Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillators confined in micro-compartmentalised systems, where the delayed feedback mimics natural lags that can arise due to the confinement properties and mechanisms driving the inter-oscillator communication. The micro-oscillator array is modeled as a set of Oregonator-like kinetics coupled via mass exchange of the chemical messengers. Changes in the synchronization patterns are explored by varying the delayed feedback introduced in the messenger species Br2. A direct transition from anti-phase to in-phase synchronization and back to the initial anti-phase scheme is observed by progressively increasing the time delay from zero to the value T0, which is the oscillation period characterising the system without any delayed coupling. The route from anti- to in-phase oscillations (and back) consists of regimes where windows of in-phase oscillations are periodically broken by anti-phase beats. Similarities between these phase transition dynamics and synchronization scenarios characterising the coordination of oscillatory limb movements are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello A Budroni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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