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Gill N, Srivastava I, Tropp J. Rational Design of NIR-II Emitting Conjugated Polymer Derived Nanoparticles for Image-Guided Cancer Interventions. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2401297. [PMID: 38822530 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Due to the reduced absorption, light scattering, and tissue autofluorescence in the NIR-II (1000-1700 nm) region, significant efforts are underway to explore diverse material platforms for in vivo fluorescence imaging, particularly for cancer diagnostics and image-guided interventions. Of the reported imaging agents, nanoparticles derived from conjugated polymers (CPNs) offer unique advantages to alternative materials including biocompatibility, remarkable absorption cross-sections, exceptional photostability, and tunable emission behavior independent of cell labeling functionalities. Herein, the current state of NIR-II emitting CPNs are summarized and structure-function-property relationships are highlighted that can be used to elevate the performance of next-generation CPNs. Methods for particle processing and incorporating cancer targeting modalities are discussed, as well as detailed characterization methods to improve interlaboratory comparisons of novel materials. Contemporary methods to specifically apply CPNs for cancer diagnostics and therapies are then highlighted. This review not only summarizes the current state of the field, but offers future directions and provides clarity to the advantages of CPNs over other classes of imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Gill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Indrajit Srivastava
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Joshua Tropp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
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2
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Kim S, Zhou X, Li Y, Yang Q, Liu X, Graf R, Blom PWM, Ferguson CTJ, Landfester K. Size-Dependent Photocatalytic Reactivity of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404054. [PMID: 38925104 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Particle size is a critical factor for improving photocatalytic reactivity of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) as mass transfer in the porous materials is often the rate-limiting step. However, due to the synthetic challenge of controlling the size of CMPs, the impact of particle size is yet to be investigated. To address this problem, a simple and versatile dispersion polymerization route that can synthesize dispersible CMP nanoparticles with controlled size from 15 to 180 nm is proposed. Leveraging the precise control of the size, it is demonstrated that smaller CMP nanoparticles have dramatically higher photocatalytic reactivity in various organic transformations, achieving more than 1000% enhancement in the reaction rates by decreasing the size from 180 to 15 nm. The size-dependent photocatalytic reactivity is further scrutinized using a kinetic model and transient absorption spectroscopy, revealing that only the initial 5 nm-thick surface layer of CMP nanoparticles is involved in the photocatalytic reactions because of internal mass transfer limitations. This finding substantiates the potential of small CMP nanoparticles to efficiently use photo-generated excitons and improve energy-efficiency of numerous photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xin Zhou
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yungui Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Calum T J Ferguson
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Chen L, Rudolf T, Blinder R, Suryadevara N, Dalmeida A, Welscher PJ, Lamla M, Arnold M, Herr U, Jelezko F, Ruben M, Kuehne AJC. Red-Fluorescing Paramagnetic Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles─Triphenyl Methyl Radicals as Monomers in C–C Cross-Coupling Dispersion Polymerization. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chen
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Rudolf
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rémi Blinder
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Nithin Suryadevara
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ashley Dalmeida
- Institute for Functional Nanosystems, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp J. Welscher
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Lamla
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mona Arnold
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herr
- Institute for Functional Nanosystems, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Centre Européen de Sciences Quantiques (CESQ), Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, BP 70028, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexander J. C. Kuehne
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Yu D, Garcia A, Blum SA, Welsher KD. Growth Kinetics of Single Polymer Particles in Solution via Active-Feedback 3D Tracking. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14698-14705. [PMID: 35867381 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability to directly observe chemical reactions at the single-molecule and single-particle level has enabled the discovery of behaviors otherwise obscured by ensemble averaging in bulk measurements. However powerful, a common restriction of these studies to date has been the absolute requirement to surface tether or otherwise immobilize the chemical reagent/reaction of interest. This constraint arose from a fundamental limitation of conventional microscopy techniques, which could not track molecules or particles rapidly diffusing in three dimensions, as occurs in solution. However, many chemical processes occur entirely in the solution phase, leaving single-particle/-molecule analysis of this critical area of science beyond the scope of available technology. Here, we report the first kinetics studies of freely diffusing and actively growing single polymer-particles at the single-particle level freely diffusing in solution. Active-feedback single-particle tracking was used to capture three-dimensional (3D) trajectories and real-time volumetric images of freely diffusing polymer particles (D ≈ 10-12 m2/s) and extract the growth rates of individual particles in the solution phase. The observed growth rates show that the average growth rate is a poor representation of the true underlying variability in polymer-particle growth behavior. These data revealed statistically significant populations of faster- and slower-growing particles at different depths in the sample, showing emergent heterogeneity while particles are still freely diffusing in solution. These results go against the prevailing premise that chemical processes in freely diffusing solution will exhibit uniform kinetics. We anticipate that these studies will launch new directions of solution-phase, nonensemble-averaged measurements of chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggeng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University; Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Antonio Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine; Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Suzanne A Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine; Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kevin D Welsher
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University; Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Eivgi O, Blum SA. Real-Time Polymer Viscosity-Catalytic Activity Relationships on the Microscale. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13574-13585. [PMID: 35866383 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymer growth induces physical changes to catalyst microenvironments. Here, these physical changes are quantified in real time and are found to influence microscale chemical catalysis and the polymerization rate. By developing a method to "peer into" optically transparent living-polymer particles, simultaneous imaging of both viscosity changes and chemical activity was achieved for the first time with high spatiotemporal resolution through a combination of fluorescence intensity microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy techniques. Specifically, an increase in microenvironment viscosity led to a corresponding local decrease in the catalytic molecular ruthenium ring-opening metathesis polymerization rate, plausibly by restricting diffusional access to active catalytic centers. Consistent with this diffusional-access model, these viscosity changes were found to be monomer-dependent, showing larger changes in microenvironment viscosity in cross-linked polydicyclopentadiene compared to non-crosslinked polynorbornene. The sensitivity and high spatial resolution of the imaging technique revealed significant variations in microviscosities between different particles and subparticle regions. These revealed spatial heterogeneities would not be observable through alternative ensemble analytical techniques that provide sample-averaged measurements. The observed spatial heterogeneities provide a physical mechanism for variation in catalytic chemical activity on the microscale that may accumulate and lead to nonhomogeneous polymer properties on the bulk scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Eivgi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine California 92697-2025, United States
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Saluga SJ, Dibble DJ, Blum SA. Superresolved Motions of Single Molecular Catalysts during Polymerization Show Wide Distributions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10591-10598. [PMID: 35670469 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The motion of single molecular ruthenium catalysts during and after single turnover events of ring-opening metathesis polymerization is imaged through single-molecule superresolution tracking with a positional accuracy of ±32 nm. This tracking is achieved through the real-time incorporation of spectrally tagged monomer units into active polymer chain ends during living polymerization; thus, by design, only active-catalyst motion is detected and imaged, without convolution by inactive catalysts. The catalysts show diverse individualistic diffusive behaviors with respect to time that persist for up to 20 s. Catalysts occupy three mobility populations: quasi-stationary (23%), intermediate (53%, 65 nm), and large (24%, 145 nm) step sizes. Differences in catalyst mobility populations also exist between individual aggregates (p < 0.001). Such differential motion indicates widely different local catalyst microenvironments during the catalytic turnover. These mobility differences are uniquely observable through single-catalyst microscopy and are not measurable through traditional ensemble analytical techniques for characterizing the behavior of molecular catalysts, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The measured distributions of active molecular catalyst motions would not be readily predictable through modeling or first-principles, and the range likely impacts individual catalyst turnover rate and selectivity. This range plausibly contributes to property distributions observable in bulk polymers, such as molecular weight polydispersity (e.g., 1.9 in this system), leading to a revised understanding of the mechanistic, microscale origins of macroscale polymer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Saluga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - David Josh Dibble
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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