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Kim H, Lee J, Kim T, Cho M, Choi T. Precision Synthesis of Various Low‐Bandgap Donor–Acceptor Alternating Conjugated Polymers via Living Suzuki–Miyaura Catalyst‐Transfer Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205828. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwangseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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2
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Kleybolte ME, Vagin SI, Rieger B. High-Molecular-Weight Bisalkoxy-Substituted Poly(para)phenylenes by Kumada Polymerization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz E. Kleybolte
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Sergei I. Vagin
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching 85748, Germany
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3
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Kim H, Lee J, Kim T, Cho M, Choi T. Precision Synthesis of Various Low‐Bandgap Donor–Acceptor Alternating Conjugated Polymers via Living Suzuki–Miyaura Catalyst‐Transfer Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwangseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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4
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Zheng H, Li Y, Du W, Cheung CS, Li D, Gao H, Deng H, Gao H. Unprecedented Square-Planar α-Diimine Dibromonickel Complexes and Their Ethylene Polymerizations Modulated by Ni–Phenyl Interactions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Handou Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yinwu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenbo Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chi Shing Cheung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Donghui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Heng Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huiyun Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haiyang Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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5
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Cheng S, Zhao R, Seferos DS. Precision Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers Using the Kumada Methodology. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4203-4214. [PMID: 34726058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of conductive poly(acetylene), the study of conjugated polymers has remained an active and interdisciplinary frontier between polymer chemistry, polymer physics, computation, and device engineering. One of the ultimate goals of polymer science is to reliably synthesize structures, similar to small molecule synthesis. Kumada catalyst-transfer polymerization (KCTP) is a powerful tool for synthesizing conjugated polymers with predictable molecular weights, narrow dispersities, specific end groups, and complex backbone architectures. However, expanding the monomer scope beyond the well-studied 3-alkylthiophenes to include electron-deficient and complex heterocycles has been difficult. Revisiting the successful applications of KCTP can help us gain new insight into the CTP mechanisms and thus inspire breakthroughs in the controlled polymerization of challenging π-conjugated monomers.In this Account, we highlight our efforts over the past decade to achieve controlled synthesis of homopolymers (p-type and n-type), copolymers (diblock and statistical), and monodisperse high oligomers. We first give a brief introduction of the mechanism and state-of-the-art of KCTP. Since the extent of polymerization control is determined by steric and electronic effects of both the catalyst and monomer, the polymerization can be optimized by modifying monomer and catalyst structures, as well as finding a well-matched monomer-catalyst system. We discuss the effects of side-chain steric hindrance and halogens in the context of heavy atom substituted monomers. By moving the side-chain branch point one carbon atom away from the heterocycle to alleviate steric crowding and stabilize the catalyst resting state, we were able to successfully control the polymerization of new tellurophene monomers. Inspired by innocent role of the sterically encumbered 2-transmetalated 3-alkylthiophene monomer, we introduce the treatment of hygroscopic monomers with a bulky Grignard compound as a water-scavenger for the improved synthesis of water-soluble conjugated polymers. For challenging electron-deficient monomers, we discuss the design of new Ni(II)diimine catalysts with electron-donating character which enhance the stability of the association complex between the catalyst and the growing polymer chain, resulting in the quasi-living synthesis of n-type polymers. Beyond n-type homopolymers, the Ni(II)diimine catalysts are also capable of producing electron-rich and electron-deficient diblock and statistical copolymers. We discuss how density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the role of catalyst steric and electronic effects in controlling the synthesis of π-conjugated polymers. Moreover, we demonstrate the synthesis of monodisperse high oligomers by temperature cycling, which takes full advantage of the unique character of KCTP in that it proceeds through distinct intermediates that are not reactive. The insight we gained thus far leads to the first example of isolated living conjugated polymer chains prepared by a standard KCTP procedure, with general applicability to different monomers and catalytic systems. In summarizing a decade of innovation in KCTP, we hope this Account will inspire future development in the field to overcome key challenges including the controlled synthesis of electron-deficient heterocycles, complex and high-performance systems, and degradable and recyclable materials as well as cutting-edge catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ruyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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6
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Vallan L, Istif E, Gómez IJ, Alegret N, Mantione D. Thiophene-Based Trimers and Their Bioapplications: An Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1977. [PMID: 34208624 PMCID: PMC8234281 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Certainly, the success of polythiophenes is due in the first place to their outstanding electronic properties and superior processability. Nevertheless, there are additional reasons that contribute to arouse the scientific interest around these materials. Among these, the large variety of chemical modifications that is possible to perform on the thiophene ring is a precious aspect. In particular, a turning point was marked by the diffusion of synthetic strategies for the preparation of terthiophenes: the vast richness of approaches today available for the easy customization of these structures allows the finetuning of their chemical, physical, and optical properties. Therefore, terthiophene derivatives have become an extremely versatile class of compounds both for direct application or for the preparation of electronic functional polymers. Moreover, their biocompatibility and ease of functionalization make them appealing for biology and medical research, as it testifies to the blossoming of studies in these fields in which they are involved. It is thus with the willingness to guide the reader through all the possibilities offered by these structures that this review elucidates the synthetic methods and describes the full chemical variety of terthiophenes and their derivatives. In the final part, an in-depth presentation of their numerous bioapplications intends to provide a complete picture of the state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Vallan
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO—UMR 5629), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS F, 33607 Pessac, France;
| | - Emin Istif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - I. Jénnifer Gómez
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Nuria Alegret
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Mantione
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
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7
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Cheng S, Ye S, Apte CN, Yudin AK, Seferos DS. Improving the Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization with Water-Scavenging Grignard Reagents. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:697-701. [PMID: 35549106 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have received widespread interest as optoelectronic materials. Recently, these macromolecules have been adopted for biologically relevant applications, such as sensors, imaging agents, and drug delivery vectors. A major limitation of the chemistry used to prepare these classes of compounds is that the resultant polymers themselves are not tolerant to water or are not inherently water-soluble. For example, the most controlled method of conjugated polymer synthesis, the Kumada catalyst transfer polymerization (KCTP), requires stringent drying of monomers, catalysts, and other reagents. Here, we describe an approach to use a water-scavenging Grignard reagent to alleviate many of the shortcomings that currently hinder the synthesis of water-soluble conjugated polymers. This method shows improved polymerization performance in both traditional conjugated polymer synthesis as well as more challenging syntheses of polar hygroscopic polymers that are of interest for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Shuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Chirag N. Apte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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8
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Pollit AA, Lough AJ, Seferos DS. Examining the Spin State and Redox Chemistry of Ni(Diimine) Catalysts during the Synthesis of π‐Conjugated Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Pollit
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
- University of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada
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9
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Talukder MM, Cue JMO, Miller JT, Gamage PL, Aslam A, McCandless GT, Biewer MC, Stefan MC. Ligand Steric Effects of α-Diimine Nickel(II) and Palladium(II) Complexes in the Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24018-24032. [PMID: 32984724 PMCID: PMC7513363 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nickel catalysts represent a low cost and environmentally friendly alternative to palladium-based catalytic systems for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) reactions. However, nickel catalysts have suffered from poor air, moisture, and thermal stabilities, especially at high catalyst loading, requiring controlled reaction conditions. In this report, we examine a family of mono- and dinuclear Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes with a diverse and versatile α-diimine ligand environment for SMC reactions. To evaluate the ligand steric effects, including the bite angle in the reaction outcomes, the structural variation of the complexes was achieved by incorporating iminopyridine- and acenaphthene-based ligands. Moreover, the impact of substrate bulkiness was investigated by reacting various aryl bromides with phenylboronic acid, 2-naphthylboronic acid, and 9-phenanthracenylboronic acid. Yields were the best with the dinuclear complex, being nearly quantitative (93-99%), followed by the mononuclear complexes, giving yields of 78-98%. Consequently, α-diimine-based ligands have the potential to deliver Ni-based systems as sustainable catalysts in SMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Muktadir Talukder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas, United States
| | - John Michael O. Cue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas, United States
| | - Justin T. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas, United States
| | - Prabhath L. Gamage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas, United States
| | - Amina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas, United States
| | - Gregory T. McCandless
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas, United States
| | - Michael C. Biewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas, United States
| | - Mihaela C. Stefan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas, United States
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10
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Elacqua E, Koehler SJ, Hu J. Electronically Governed ROMP: Expanding Sequence Control for Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the primary sequence of synthetic polymers remains a grand challenge in chemistry. A variety of methods that exert control over monomer sequence have been realized wherein differential reactivity, pre-organization, and stimuli-response have been key factors in programming sequence. Whereas much has been established in nonconjugated systems, π-extended frameworks remain systems wherein subtle structural changes influence bulk properties. The recent introduction of electronically biased ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) extends the repertoire of feasible approaches to prescribe donor–acceptor sequences in conjugated polymers, by enabling a system to achieve both low dispersity and controlled polymer sequences. Herein, we discuss recent advances in obtaining well-defined (i.e., low dispersity) polymers featuring donor–acceptor sequence control, and present our design of an electronically ambiguous (4-methoxy-1-(2-ethylhexyloxy) and benzothiadiazole-(donor–acceptor-)based [2.2]paracyclophanediene monomer that undergoes electronically dictated ROMP. The resultant donor–acceptor polymers were well-defined (Đ = 1.2, Mn > 20 k) and exhibited lower energy excitation and emission in comparison to ‘sequence-ill-defined’ polymers. Electronically driven ROMP expands on prior synthetic methods to attain sequence control, while providing a promising platform for further interrogation of polymer sequence and resultant properties.1 Introduction to Sequence Control2 Sequence Control in Polymers3 Multistep-Synthesis-Driven Sequence Control4 Catalyst-Dictated Sequence Control5 Electronically Governed Sequence Control6 Conclusions
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11
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Pollit AA, Ye S, Seferos DS. Elucidating the Role of Catalyst Steric and Electronic Effects in Controlling the Synthesis of π-Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Pollit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Shuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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12
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Buenaflor J, Sommerville P, Qian H, Luscombe C. Investigation of Bimetallic Nickel Catalysts in Catalyst‐Transfer Polymerization of π‐Conjugated Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Buenaflor
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington 36 Bagley Hall, Box 351700 Seattle WA 98195‐1700 USA
| | - Parker Sommerville
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington 36 Bagley Hall, Box 351700 Seattle WA 98195‐1700 USA
| | - Hang Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington 302 Roberts Hall, Box 352120 Seattle WA 98195‐2120 USA
| | - Christine Luscombe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington 302 Roberts Hall, Box 352120 Seattle WA 98195‐2120 USA
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13
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Leone AK, Mueller EA, McNeil AJ. The History of Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings Should Inspire the Future of Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15126-15139. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Emily A. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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14
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Baker MA, Tsai C, Noonan KJT. Diversifying Cross‐Coupling Strategies, Catalysts and Monomers for the Controlled Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers. Chemistry 2018; 24:13078-13088. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Chia‐Hua Tsai
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Kevin J. T. Noonan
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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15
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Leone AK, Goldberg PK, McNeil AJ. Ring-Walking in Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7846-7850. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Peter K. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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16
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Vitek AK, Leone AK, McNeil AJ, Zimmerman PM. Spin-Switching Transmetalation at Ni Diimine Catalysts. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Vitek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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