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Núñez-Villanueva D, Hunter CA. Effect of backbone flexibility on covalent template-directed synthesis of linear oligomers. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8285-8292. [PMID: 36226964 PMCID: PMC9629452 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01627c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Covalent template-directed synthesis can be used to replicate synthetic oligomers, but success depends critically on the conformational properties of the backbone. Here we investigate how the choice of monomer building block affects the flexibility of the backbone and in turn the efficiency of the replication process for a series of different triazole oligomers. Two competing reaction pathways were identified for monomers attached to a template, resulting in the formation of either macrocyclic or linear products. For flexible backbones, macrocycles and linear oligomers are formed at similar rates, but a more rigid backbone gave exclusively the linear product. The experimental results are consistent with ring strain calculations using molecular mechanics: products with low ring strain (20-30 kJ mol-1) formed rapidly, and products with high ring strain (>100 kJ mol-1) were not observed. Template-directed replication of linear oligomers requires monomers that rigid enough to prevent the formation of undesired macrocycles, but not so rigid that the linear templating pathway leading to the duplex is inhibited. Molecular mechanics calculations of ring strain provide a straightforward tool for assessing the flexibility of potential backbones and the viability different monomer designs before embarking on synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Núñez-Villanueva
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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2
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Battaglia AM, Pahlavanlu P, Grignon E, An SY, Seferos DS. High Active Material Loading in Organic Electrodes Enabled by a Multifunctional Binder. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42298-42307. [PMID: 36083595 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrodes are promising candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to their low cost and sustainable nature; however, they often suffer from very low conductivity and active material loadings. The conventional binder used in organic-based Li-ion batteries is poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), yet it is electrochemically inactive and thus occupies volume and mass without storing energy. Here, we report an organic mixed ionic-electronic conducting polymer, poly[norbornene-1,2-bis(C(O)OPEDOT)]25-b-[norbornene-1,2-bis-(C(O)PEG12)]25 denoted PEDOT-b-PEG for simplicity, as a cathode binder to address the aforementioned issues. The polymer contains a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) functionality to provide electronic conductivity, as well as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains to impart ionic conductivity to the cathode composite. We compare electrodes containing a perylene diimide (PDI) active material, conductive carbon, and a polymeric binder (either PVDF or PEDOT-b-PEG) with different weight ratios to study the impact of active material loading and type of binder on the performance of the cell. The lithium-ion cells prepared with the PEDOT-b-PEG polymer binder result in higher capacities and decreased impedance at all active material loadings compared to cathodes prepared with the PVDF-containing electrodes, demonstrating potential as a new binder to achieve higher active material loadings in organic electrodes. The strategy of preparing these polymers should be broadly applicable to other classes of mixed polymer conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Street George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Paniz Pahlavanlu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Street George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eloi Grignon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Street George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - So Young An
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Street George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Street George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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3
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Laurent Q, Sakai N, Matile S. An Orthogonal Dynamic Covalent Chemistry Tool for Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Oligochalcogenides on Detachable Helical Peptide Templates. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200785. [PMID: 35416345 PMCID: PMC9324982 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A model system is introduced as a general tool to elaborate on orthogonal templation of dynamic covalent ring‐opening polymerization (ODC‐TROP). The tool consists of 310 helical peptides as unprecedented templates and semicarbazones as orthogonal dynamic covalent linkers. With difficult‐to‐control 1,2‐dithiolanes, ODC‐TROP on the level of short model oligomers occurs with high templation efficiency, increasing and diminishing upon helix stabilization and denaturation, respectively. Further, an anti‐templated conjugate with mispositioned monomers gave reduced templation upon helix twisting. Even with the “unpolymerizable” 1,2‐diselenolanes, initial studies already afford mild templation efficiency. These proof‐of‐principle results promise that the here introduced tool, recyclable and enabling late‐stage side chain modification, will be useful to realize ODC‐TROP of intractable or unknown cyclic dynamic covalent monomers for dynamer materials as well as cellular uptake and signaling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Laurent
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Leguizamon SC, Scott TF. Mimicking DNA Functions with Abiotic, Sequence-Defined Polymers. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.2014519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Leguizamon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy F. Scott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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5
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Gouda MA, Abu-Hashem AA, Abdelgawad AAM. Thieno[3,2-c] quinoline Heterocyclic Synthesis and Reactivity part (VI). MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x18666211004102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
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The biological and medicinal properties of thieno[3, 2-c] quinoline have prompted enormous research aimed at developing synthetic routes to these systems. This review focuses on the chemical properties associated with this system. The most-reported reactions are Bischler-Napieralski, Suzuki−Miyaura−Schlüter, Pictet-Spengler, Stille coupling. Friedlander and Beckmann rearrangement reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa A. Gouda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Taibah University, Ulla, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen A. Abu-Hashem
- Photochemistry Department (Heterocyclic Unit), National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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6
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Pahlavanlu P, Cheng S, Battaglia AM, Hicks GEJ, Jarrett-Wilkins CN, Evariste S, Seferos DS. Templated approach to well-defined, oxidatively coupled conjugated polymers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01620a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Templated oxidative polymerization affords organic soluble, oxidatively doped PEDOT-based polymers with controlled molecular weights and low dispersities (Đ ∼ 1.2) for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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7
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Abstract
![]()
Genetic biopolymers utilize defined
sequences and monomer-specific
molecular recognition to store and transfer information. Synthetic
polymers that mimic these attributes using reversible covalent chemistry
for base-pairing pose unique synthetic challenges. Here, we describe
a solid-phase synthesis methodology for the efficient construction
of ethynyl benzene oligomers with specific sequences of aniline and
benzaldehyde subunits. Handling these oligomers is complicated by
the fact that they often exhibit multiple conformations because of
intra- or intermolecular pairing. We describe conditions that allow
the dynamic behavior of these oligomers to be controlled so that they
may be manipulated and characterized without needing to mask the recognition
units with protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R. Strom
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jack W. Szostak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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8
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2018. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Berda EB, Deravi LF, Foster EJ, Simon Y, Thuo MM. Virtual Issue: Next-Generation Smart Materials. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik B. Berda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Leila F. Deravi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - E. Johan Foster
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yoan Simon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Martin M. Thuo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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10
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Zhou Z, Ergene C, Lee JY, Shirley DJ, Carone BR, Caputo GA, Palermo EF. Sequence and Dispersity Are Determinants of Photodynamic Antibacterial Activity Exerted by Peptidomimetic Oligo(thiophene)s. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1896-1906. [PMID: 30574776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A library of functionalized oligo(thiophene)s with precisely controlled chain length, regioregularity, sequence, and pendant moieties in the side chains was prepared by iterative convergent/divergent organometallic couplings. The cationic and facially amphiphilic structures were designed to mimic the salient physiochemical features of host defense peptides (HDPs) while concurrently exerting a photodynamic mechanism of antibacterial activity. In the dark, the oligothiophenes exert broad-spectrum and rapid bactericidal activity in the micromolar regime, which is the typical range of HDP activity. Under visible light, the antibacterial potency is enhanced by orders of magnitude, leading to potency in the nanomolar concentration range, whereas the toxicity to red blood cells (RBCs) is almost unaffected by the same visible light exposure. We attribute the potent and selective antibacterial activity to a dual mechanism of action that involves bacterial cell binding, combined with reactive oxygen species production in the bound state. Comonomer sequence and chain length dispersity play important roles in dictating the observed biological activities. The most promising candidate compound from a set of screening experiments showed antibacterial activity that is 3 orders of magnitude more potent against bacteria relative to toxicity against RBCs. Importantly, this compound did not induce resistance upon 21 subinhibitory passages, whereas the activity of ciprofloxacin was reduced 32× in the same condition. Cytotoxicity against HeLa cells in vitro is orders of magnitude weaker than antibacterial activity under visible light illumination. Thus, we have established a new class of HDP-mimetic antibacterial compounds with nanomolar activity and cell type selectivity of greater than 1300-fold. These and related compounds may be highly promising candidates in the urgent search for new topical photodynamic antibacterial formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12054 , United States
| | - Cansu Ergene
- Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12054 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Edmund F Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12054 , United States
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11
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Núñez-Villanueva D, Ciaccia M, Hunter CA. Cap control: cyclic versus linear oligomerisation in covalent template-directed synthesis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29566-29569. [PMID: 35531529 PMCID: PMC9071899 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07233k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent template-directed synthesis was used to oligomerise monomer building blocks in a controlled manner to give exclusively the linear trimer. Competing reaction pathways were blocked by addition of a large excess of a monomeric capping agent. At a concentration of 1 mM, the cap selectively prevented further reaction of the product chain ends to give polymeric and macrocyclic products, but did not interfere with the templating process. The right concentration of capping agent is required to control the product distribution in covalent template-directed synthesis of linear oligomers using CuAAC.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Ciaccia
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
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12
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Zhou Z, Ergene C, Palermo EF. Synthetic mimics of cyclic antimicrobial peptides via templated ring-opening metathesis (TROM). Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01271k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We utilized a templated ring-opening metathesis (TROM) strategy to synthesize a series of precision macrocyclic olefins, each containing two, three or four repeating units of a cyclooctene with pendant carboxylic acid side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Cansu Ergene
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
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