Highly Fluorescent Benzophosphole Oxide Block-Copolymer Micelles

Aggregation-Induced Emission Properties of Atypical Aliphatic-Chain-Linked Siloxanes-Containing Phosphonate Esters

Phosphonate compounds have been proposed as atypical chromophores, but their luminescence properties, especially in combination with flexible aliphatic chains, remain underexplored. In this study, we have synthesized a series of novel siloxane-containing phosphonate esters as organofluorophores through a catalyst-free, one-pot Kabachnik-Fields (K-F) reaction. This reaction involved acetone, cyclohexanone, or cyclopentanone, with siloxanes containing aliphatic amines and phosphonate diesters as reactants. The resulting compounds exhibit blue fluorescence. Fluorescence tests confirmed that all synthesized materials display aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomena, with some also exhibiting upconversion. Notably, the luminescence intensity can be modulated by altering the steric hindrance near the phosphonate ester group. Mechanistic studies indicate that the strong blue photoluminescence observed in the aggregated state results from restricted intramolecular motion (RIM) and spatial electronic delocalization. These findings demonstrate that even simple phosphonates, when combined with flexible aliphatic chains, can exhibit significant AIE luminescence properties.

Benzophosphol-3-yl Triflates as Precursors of 1,3-Diarylbenzophosphole Oxides

A simple method for the synthesis of 3-arylbenzophosphole oxides under Suzuki-Miyaura coupling conditions has been presented. It employs benzophosphol-3-yl triflate starting materials which, prior to our work, had not been used for the synthesis of 3-arylbenzophosphole oxides. The reactions proceed over 24 h and provide a library of 3-arylbenzophosphole oxides. The synthetic access to the benzophosphol-3-yl triflates has been improved. The preliminary photophysical properties of some 3-arylbenzophosphole oxides have been investigated by absorption and emission measurements. The theoretical calculations were performed to establish structure-property relationships.

Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of π-Extended Phosphindolizine Derivatives

Dibenzo[b,g]phosphindolizine oxide and three types of benzo[e]naphthophosphindolizine oxides have been synthesized by the ring-closing metathesis of benzo[b]phosphole oxide and naphthophosphole oxides with two olefin tethers. Their molecular structures and properties were revealed by X-ray crystallographic analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy, and electrochemical analysis. The number and position of the benzene rings were found to alter the structural geometry and the HOMO/LUMO energy levels, and their effects were investigated by theoretical calculations. Among the phosphindolizine oxide derivatives investigated, only benzo[e]naphtho[2,3-b]phosphindolizine oxide with the naphthalene ring fused at 2,3-positions showed weak yellow fluorescence with a large Stokes shift.

Luminescent 1H-1,3-benzazaphospholes

2-R-1H-1,3-Benzazaphospholes (R-BAPs) are an interesting class of σ²P heterocycles containing P[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds. While closely related 2-R-1,3-benzoxaphospholes (R-BOPs) have been shown to be highly photoluminescent materials depending on specific R substituents, photoluminescence of R-BAPs has been previously limited to an example having a fused carbazole ring system. Here we detail the synthesis and structural characterization of a new R-BAP (3c, R = 2,2'-dithiophene), and compare its photoluminescence against two previously reported R-BAPs (3a, R, R' = Me and 3b, R = 2-thiophene). The significant fluorescence displayed by the thiophene derivatives 3b (φ = 0.53) and 3c (φ = 0.12) stands in contrast to the weakly emissive methyl substituted analogue 3a (φ = 0.08). Comparative computational investigations of 3a-c offer insights into the interplay between structure-function relationships affecting excited state relaxation processes.

Synthesis and Optical Properties of 1,2,5,10-Tetraphenylanthra[2,3-b]phosphole Derivatives

1,2,5,10-Tetraphenylanthra[2,3-b]phosphole oxides and 1-methyl-1,2,5,10-tetraphenylanthra[2,3-b]phospholium salts were prepared, and their optical properties were investigated. The substituent at the para position and the fused anthracene moiety were found to exert significant impacts on the fluorescence properties of the P-bridged 2-styrylanthracene skeleton.

Kinetically stable sub-50 nm fluorescent block copolymer nanoparticles via photomediated RAFT dispersion polymerization for cellular imaging

Self-assembled block copolymer nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as major potential nanoscale vehicles for fluorescence bioimaging. The preparation of NPs with high yields possessing high kinetic stability to prevent the leakage of fluorophore molecules is crucial to their practical implementation. Here, we report a photomediated RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) yielding uniform and nanosized poly((oligo(ethylene glycol) acrylate)-block-poly(benzyl acrylate) particles (POEGA-b-PBzA) with a concentration of 22 wt%, over 20 times more than with micellization and nanoprecipitation. The spherical diblock copolymer nanoparticles have an average size of 10-50 nm controllable through the degree of polymerization of the stabilizing POEGA block. Subsequent dialysis against water and swelling with Nile red solution led to highly stable fluorescent NPs able to withstand the changes in concentration, ionic strength, pH or temperature. A PBzA/water interfacial tension of 48.6 mN m^-1 hinders the exchange between copolymer chains, resulting in the trapping of NPs in a "kinetically frozen" state responsible for high stability. A spectroscopic study combining fluorescence and UV-vis absorption agrees with a preferential distribution of fluorophores in the outer POEGEA shell despite its hydrophobic nature. Nile red-doped POEGA-b-PBzA micelles without initiator residues and unimers but with high structural stability turn out to be noncytotoxic, and can be used for the optical imaging of cells. Real-time confocal fluorescence microscopy shows a fast cellular uptake using C2C12 cell lines in minutes, and a preferential localization in the perinuclear region, in particular in the vesicles.

Zinc-Mediated Transmetalation as a Route to Anionic N-Heterocyclic Olefin Complexes in the p-Block

Anionic N-heterocyclic olefins (aNHOs) are suited well for the stabilization of low-coordinate inorganic complexes, due to their steric tunability and strong σ- and π-electron donating abilities. In this study, the new two-coordinate zinc complex (^MeIPrCH)₂Zn (^MeIPrCH = [(MeCNDipp)₂C═CH]^-, Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) is shown to participate in a broad range of metathesis reactions with main group element-based halides and hydrides. In the case of the group 14 halides, Cl₂E·dioxane (E = Ge and Sn), transmetalation occurs to form dinuclear propellane-shaped cations, [(^MeIPrCHE)₂(μ-Cl)]⁺, while the aNHO-capped phosphine ligand ^MeIPrCH-PPh₂ is obtained when (^MeIPrCH)₂Zn is combined with ClPPh₂. Lastly, ZnH₂ elimination drives transmetalation between (^MeIPrCH)₂Zn and hydroboranes and hydroalumanes, leading to Lewis acidic aNHO-supported -boryl and -alane products.

Redox-Active Heteroatom-Functionalized Polyacetylenes

The discovery of metallic conductivity in polyacetylene [-HC=CH-]_n upon doping represents a landmark achievement. However, the insolubility of polyacetylene and a dearth of methods for its chemical modification have limited its widespread use. Here, we employ a ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) protocol to prepare functionalized polyacetylenes (fPAs) bearing: (1) electron-deficient boryl (-BR₂ ) and phosphoryl (-P(O)R₂ ) side chains; (2) electron-donating amino (-NR₂ ) groups, and (3) ring-fused 1,2,3-triazolium units via strain-promoted Click chemistry. These functional groups render most of the fPAs soluble and can lead to intense light absorption across the visible to near-IR region. Also, the presence of redox-active boryl and amino groups leads to opposing near-IR optical responses upon (electro)chemical reduction or oxidation. Some of the resulting fPAs show greatly enhanced air stability when compared to known polyacetylenes. Lastly, these fPAs can be cross-linked to yield network materials with the full retention of optical properties.

2,3-Diarylbenzo[b]arsole: Structural Modification and Polymerization for Tuning of Photophysical Properties

2,3-Diarylbenzo[b]arsoles were synthesized from zirconacycles and diiodophenylarsine. The structural modification to the luminophore was attained through diarylacetylene precursors, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, and oxidation of the arsenic atom. The emission properties were controlled according to these modifications. The 2,3-diarylbenzo[b]arsoles showed aggregation-induced emission enhancement; the stronger emission was observed in the solid states than in solutions. In addition, Suzuki-Miyaura polycondensation and olefin metathesis polymerization produced main- and side-chain polymers, respectively. The resultant polymers showed different emission behaviors such as aggregation caused quenching and aggregation induced emission enhancement.

An AIE-driven fluorescent polysaccharide polymersome as an enzyme-responsive FRET nanoprobe to study the real-time delivery aspects in live cells

An enzyme-responsive FRET nanoprobe was designed and developed based on AIE-driven fluorescent polysaccharide polymersomes to study the real-time delivery aspects in the intracellular compartments in live cancer cells.

A Boron Difluoride Hydrazone (BODIHY) Polymer Exhibits Aggregation-Induced Emission

Polymers that exhibit aggregation-induced emission (AIE) find use, for example, as cell-imaging agents and as fluorometric sensors due to their unique optical properties. However, the structural diversity of AIE-active polymers has not necessarily advanced at the same rate as their applications. In this work, ring-opening metathesis polymerization is used to synthesize the first example of a polymer (M_n  = 61,600 g mol^-1 , Đ = 1.32) containing boron difluoride hydrazone (BODIHY) heterocycles in its repeating unit. The BODIHY monomer and polymer described absorb and emit in the visible region in solution (λ_abs  = 428 and 429 nm, λ_em  = 528 and 526 nm) and as thin films (λ_abs  = 443 and 440 nm, λ_em  = 535 and 534 nm). Monomer (Φ_Film  = 10%) and polymer (Φ_Film  = 6%) exhibit enhanced emission as thin films compared to solution (Φ_Soln  ≤ 1%) as well as AIE upon the addition of water to DMF solutions as a result of restriction of intramolecular motion. Enhancement factors for the monomer and polymer are determined to be 58 and 15, respectively. The title BODIHY polymer exhibited an earlier onset of AIE and enhanced sensitivity to solution viscosity when compared to the parent monomer.

Metallacycle Transfer and its Link to Light-Emitting Materials and Conjugated Polymers

Major advances in optoelectronic technologies (e. g., solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, etc…) are prefaced by the discovery of new synthetic methodologies. In this review, the key role of the Fagan-Nugent reaction in enabling our team (and others) to gain access to new building blocks for luminescent materials and conjugated polymers bearing p-block elements will be described. The Fagan-Nugent reaction is extremely powerful as a synthetic tool since the efficient zirconium-element atom exchange involved affords a wide range of unsaturated inorganic heterocycles of controllable composition and function.