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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical interface separating the central nervous system from the peripheral circulation, ensuring brain homeostasis and function. Recent research has unveiled a profound connection between the BBB and circadian rhythms, the endogenous oscillations synchronizing biological processes with the 24-hour light-dark cycle. This review explores the significance of circadian rhythms in the context of BBB functions, with an emphasis on substrate passage through the BBB. Our discussion includes efflux transporters and the molecular timing mechanisms that regulate their activities. A significant focus of this review is the potential implications of chronotherapy, leveraging our knowledge of circadian rhythms for improving drug delivery to the brain. Understanding the temporal changes in BBB can lead to optimized timing of drug administration, to enhance therapeutic efficacy for neurological disorders while reducing side effects. By elucidating the interplay between circadian rhythms and drug transport across the BBB, this review offers insights into innovative therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kim
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA (M.K., S.L.Z.)
| | - Richard F Keep
- Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA (R.F.K.)
| | - Shirley L Zhang
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA (M.K., S.L.Z.)
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2
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Liu W, Mossel P, Schwach V, Slart RHJA, Luurtsema G. Cardiac PET Imaging of ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters: Opportunities and Challenges. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1715. [PMID: 38139840 PMCID: PMC10748140 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a broad family of membrane protein complexes that use energy to transport molecules across cells and/or intracellular organelle lipid membranes. Many drugs used to treat cardiac diseases have an affinity for these transporters. Among others, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays an essential role in regulating drug concentrations that reach cardiac tissue and therefore contribute to cardiotoxicity. As a molecular imaging modality, positron emission tomography (PET) has emerged as a viable technique to investigate the function of P-gp in organs and tissues. Using PET imaging to evaluate cardiac P-gp function provides new insights for drug development and improves the precise use of medications. Nevertheless, information in this field is limited. In this review, we aim to examine the current applications of ABC transporter PET imaging and its tracers in the heart, with a specific emphasis on P-gp. Furthermore, the opportunities and challenges in this novel field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Pascalle Mossel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Verena Schwach
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Riemer H. J. A. Slart
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.L.); (P.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Photonic Imaging, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.L.); (P.M.)
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Mossel P, Arif WM, De Souza GS, Varela LG, van der Weijden CWJ, Boersma HH, Willemsen ATM, Boellaard R, Elsinga PH, Borra RJH, Dierckx RAJO, Lammertsma AA, Bartels AL, Luurtsema G. Quantification of P-glycoprotein function at the human blood-brain barrier using [ 18F]MC225 and PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:3917-3927. [PMID: 37552369 PMCID: PMC10611838 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is one of the most studied efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier. It plays an important role in brain homeostasis by protecting the brain from a variety of endogenous and exogeneous substances. Changes in P-gp function are associated both with the onset of neuropsychiatric diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and with drug-resistance, for example in treatment-resistant depression. The most widely used approach to measure P-gp function in vivo is (R)-[11C]verapamil PET. (R)-[11C]verapamil is, however, an avid P-gp substrate, which complicates the use of this tracer to measure an increase in P-gp function as its baseline uptake is already very low. [18F]MC225 was developed to measure both increases and decreases in P-gp function. AIM The aim of this study was (1) to identify the pharmacokinetic model that best describes [18F]MC225 kinetics in the human brain and (2) to determine test-retest variability. METHODS Five (2 male, 3 female) of fourteen healthy subjects (8 male, 6 female, age 67 ± 5 years) were scanned twice (injected dose 201 ± 47 MBq) with a minimum interval of 2 weeks between scans. Each scanning session consisted of a 60-min dynamic [18F]MC225 scan with continuous arterial sampling. Whole brain grey matter data were fitted to a single tissue compartment model, and to reversible and irreversible two tissue-compartment models to obtain various outcome parameters (in particular the volume of distribution (VT), Ki, and the rate constants K1 and k2). In addition, a reversible two-tissue compartment model with fixed k3/k4 was included. The preferred model was selected based on the weighted Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) score. Test-retest variability (TRTV) was determined to assess reproducibility. RESULTS Sixty minutes post-injection, the parent fraction was 63.8 ± 4.0%. The reversible two tissue compartment model corrected for plasma metabolites with an estimated blood volume (VB) showed the highest AIC weight score of 34.3 ± 17.6%. The TRVT of the VT for [18F]MC225 PET scans was 28.3 ± 20.4% for the whole brain grey matter region using this preferred model. CONCLUSION [18F]MC225 VT, derived using a reversible two-tissue compartment model, is the preferred parameter to describe P-gp function in the human BBB. This outcome parameter has an average test-retest variability of 28%. TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT 2020-001564-28 . Registered 25 May 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascalle Mossel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wejdan M Arif
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- College of Applied Medical Science, Department of Radiological Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giordana Salvi De Souza
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Garcia Varela
- Molecular Imaging Biomarkers Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Nuclear Medicine Department and Molecular Imaging Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Chris W J van der Weijden
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H Boersma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon T M Willemsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J H Borra
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna L Bartels
- Department of Neurology, Ommelander Ziekenhuis Groep, Scheemda, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Dose-response assessment of cerebral P-glycoprotein inhibition in vivo with [ 18F]MC225 and PET. J Control Release 2022; 347:500-507. [PMID: 35588934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Blood-Brain Barrier P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function can be altered in several neurodegenerative diseases and due to the administration of different drugs which may cause alterations in drug concentrations and consequently lead to a reduced effectiveness or increased side-effects. The novel PET radiotracer [18F]MC225 is a weak P-gp substrate that may show higher sensitivity to detect small changes in P-gp function than previously developed radiotracers. This study explores the sensitivity of [18F]MC225 to measure the dose-dependent effect of P-gp inhibitor tariquidar. Twenty-three rats were intravenously injected with different doses of tariquidar ranging from 0.75 to 12 mg/kg, 30-min before the dynamic [18F]MC225-PET acquisition with arterial sampling. Tissue and blood data were fitted to a 1-Tissue-Compartment-Model to obtain influx constant K1 and distribution volume VT, which allow the estimation of P-gp function. ANOVA and post-hoc analyses of K1 values showed significant differences between controls and groups with tariquidar doses >3 mg/kg; while applying VT the analyses showed significant differences between controls and groups with tariquidar doses >6 mg/kg. Dose-response curves were fitted using different models. The four-parameter logistic sigmoidal curve provided the best fit for K1 and VT data. Half-maximal inhibitory doses (ID50) were 2.23 mg/kg (95%CI: 1.669-2.783) and 2.93 mg/kg (95%CI: 1.135-3.651), calculated with K1 or VT values respectively. According to the dose-response fit, differences in [18F]MC225-K1 values could be detected at tariquidar doses ranging from 1.37 to 3.25 mg/kg. Our findings showed that small changes in the P-gp function, caused by low doses of tariquidar, could be detected by [18F]MC225-K1 values, which confirms the high sensitivity of the radiotracer. The results suggest that [18F]MC225 may allow the quantification of moderate P-gp impairments, which may allow the detection of P-gp dysfunctions at the early stages of a disease and potential transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions.
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Blood-Brain Barrier Transporters: Opportunities for Therapeutic Development in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031898. [PMID: 35163820 PMCID: PMC8836701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability. Over the past decades, several efforts have attempted to discover new drugs or repurpose existing therapeutics to promote post-stroke neurological recovery. Preclinical stroke studies have reported successes in identifying novel neuroprotective agents; however, none of these compounds have advanced beyond a phase III clinical trial. One reason for these failures is the lack of consideration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport mechanisms that can enable these drugs to achieve efficacious concentrations in ischemic brain tissue. Despite the knowledge that drugs with neuroprotective properties (i.e., statins, memantine, metformin) are substrates for endogenous BBB transporters, preclinical stroke research has not extensively studied the role of transporters in central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery. Here, we review current knowledge on specific BBB uptake transporters (i.e., organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs in humans; Oatps in rodents); organic cation transporters (OCTs in humans; Octs in rodents) that can be targeted for improved neuroprotective drug delivery. Additionally, we provide state-of-the-art perspectives on how transporter pharmacology can be integrated into preclinical stroke research. Specifically, we discuss the utility of in vivo stroke models to transporter studies and considerations (i.e., species selection, co-morbid conditions) that will optimize the translational success of stroke pharmacotherapeutic experiments.
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Breuil L, Marie S, Goutal S, Auvity S, Truillet C, Saba W, Langer O, Caillé F, Tournier N. Comparative vulnerability of PET radioligands to partial inhibition of P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier: A criterion of choice? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:175-185. [PMID: 34496661 PMCID: PMC8721783 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211045444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Only partial deficiency/inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) function at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is likely to occur in pathophysiological situations or drug-drug interactions. This raises questions regarding the sensitivity of available PET imaging probes to detect moderate changes in P-gp function at the living BBB. In vitro, the half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the potent P-gp inhibitor tariquidar in P-gp-overexpressing cells was significantly different using either [11C]verapamil (44 nM), [11C]N-desmethyl-loperamide (19 nM) or [11C]metoclopramide (4 nM) as substrate probes. In vivo PET imaging in rats showed that the half-maximum inhibition of P-gp-mediated efflux of [11C]metoclopramide, achieved using 1 mg/kg tariquidar (in vivo IC50 = 82 nM in plasma), increased brain exposure by 2.1-fold for [11C]metoclopramide (p < 0.05, n = 4) and 2.4-fold for [11C]verapamil (p < 0.05, n = 4), whereby cerebral uptake of the "avid" substrate [11C]N-desmethyl-loperamide was unaffected (p > 0.05, n = 4). This comparative study points to differences in the "vulnerability" to P-gp inhibition among radiolabeled substrates, which were apparently unrelated to their "avidity" (maximal response to P-gp inhibition). Herein, we advocate that partial inhibition of transporter function, in addition to complete inhibition, should be a primary criterion of evaluation regarding the sensitivity of radiolabeled substrates to detect moderate but physiologically-relevant changes in transporter function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Breuil
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France.,Pharmacy Department, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Solène Marie
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France.,Pharmacy Department, Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sébastien Goutal
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France
| | - Sylvain Auvity
- Pharmacy Department, Necker Hospital, AP-HP, UMR-S 1144, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Charles Truillet
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France
| | - Wadad Saba
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabien Caillé
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay France
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Ni R. Positron Emission Tomography in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloidosis: Translational Implications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1179. [PMID: 34832961 PMCID: PMC8623863 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis that recapitulate cerebral amyloid-beta pathology have been widely used in preclinical research and have greatly enabled the mechanistic understanding of Alzheimer's disease and the development of therapeutics. Comprehensive deep phenotyping of the pathophysiological and biochemical features in these animal models is essential. Recent advances in positron emission tomography have allowed the non-invasive visualization of the alterations in the brain of animal models and in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These tools have facilitated our understanding of disease mechanisms and provided longitudinal monitoring of treatment effects in animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. In this review, we focus on recent positron emission tomography studies of cerebral amyloid-beta accumulation, hypoglucose metabolism, synaptic and neurotransmitter receptor deficits (cholinergic and glutamatergic system), blood-brain barrier impairment, and neuroinflammation (microgliosis and astrocytosis) in animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. We further propose the emerging targets and tracers for reflecting the pathophysiological changes and discuss outstanding challenges in disease animal models and future outlook in the on-chip characterization of imaging biomarkers towards clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH & University of Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
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Toyohara J, Sakata M, Ishibashi K, Mossel P, Imai M, Wagatsuma K, Tago T, Imabayashi E, Colabufo NA, Luurtsema G, Ishii K. First clinical assessment of [ 18F]MC225, a novel fluorine-18 labelled PET tracer for measuring functional P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier. Ann Nucl Med 2021; 35:1240-1252. [PMID: 34368924 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-021-01666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 5-(1-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy))-[3-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-propyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen ([18F]MC225) is a selective substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), possessing suitable properties for measuring overexpression of P-gp in the brain. This is the first-in-human study to examine safety, radiation dosimetry and P-gp function at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of [18F]MC225 in healthy subjects. METHODS [18F]MC225 biodistribution and dosimetry were determined in 3 healthy male subjects, using serial 2 h and intermittent 4 and 6 h whole-body PET scans acquired after [18F]MC225 injection. Dynamic [18F]MC225 brain PET (90 min) was obtained in 5 healthy male subjects. Arterial blood was sampled at various time intervals during scanning and the fraction of unchanged [18F]MC225 in plasma was determined. T1-weighted MRI was performed for anatomical coregistration. Total distribution volume (VT) was estimated using 1- and 2-tissue-compartment models (1-TCM and 2-TCM, respectively). VT was also estimated using the Logan graphical method (Logan plot) (t* = 20 min). Surrogate parameters without blood sampling (area-under the curve [AUC] of regional time-activity curves [TACs] and negative slope of calculated TACs) were compared with the VT values. RESULTS No serious adverse events occurred throughout the study period. Although biodistribution implied hepatobiliary excretion, secretion of radioactivity from liver to small intestine through the gallbladder was very slow. Total renal excreted radioactivity recovered during 6 h after injection was < 2%ID. Absorbed dose was the highest in the pancreas (mean ± SD, 203 ± 45 μGy/MBq) followed by the liver (83 ± 11 μGy/MBq). Mean effective dose with and without urination was 17 ± 1 μSv/MBq. [18F]MC225 readily entered the brain, distributing homogeneously in grey matter regions. 2-TCM provided lower Akaike information criterion scores than did 1-TCM. VT estimated by Logan plot was well correlated with that of 2-TCM (r2 > 0.9). AUCs of TACs were positively correlated with VT (2-TCM) values (r2: AUC0-60 min = 0.61, AUC0-30 min = 0.62, AUC30-60 min = 0.59, p < 0.0001). Negative slope of SUV TACs was negatively correlated with VT (2-TCM) values (r2 = 0.53, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This initial evaluation indicated that [18F]MC225 is a suitable and safe PET tracer for measuring P-gp function at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Muneyuki Sakata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishibashi
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Pascalle Mossel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Masamichi Imai
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kei Wagatsuma
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.,School of Allied Health Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tago
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Etsuko Imabayashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Nicola A Colabufo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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García-Varela L, Rodríguez-Pérez M, Custodia A, Moraga-Amaro R, Colabufo NA, Aguiar P, Sobrino T, Dierckx RA, van Waarde A, Elsinga PH, Luurtsema G. In Vivo Induction of P-Glycoprotein Function can be Measured with [ 18F]MC225 and PET. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3073-3085. [PMID: 34228458 PMCID: PMC8383301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux pump located at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that contributes to the protection of the central nervous system by transporting neurotoxic compounds out of the brain. A decline in P-gp function has been related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. P-gp inducers can increase the P-gp function and are considered as potential candidates for the treatment of such disorders. The P-gp inducer MC111 increased P-gp expression and function in SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma and colo-320 cells, respectively. Our study aims to evaluate the P-gp inducing effect of MC111 in the whole brain in vivo, using the P-gp tracer [18F]MC225 and positron emission tomography (PET). Eighteen Wistar rats were treated with either vehicle solution, 4.5 mg/kg of MC111 (low-dose group), or 6 mg/kg of MC111 (high-dose group). Animals underwent a 60 min dynamic PET scan with arterial-blood sampling, 24 h after treatment with the inducer. Data were analyzed using the 1-tissue-compartment model and metabolite-corrected plasma as the input function. Model parameters such as the influx constant (K1) and volume of distribution (VT) were calculated, which reflect the in vivo P-gp function. P-gp and pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) expression levels of the whole brain were assessed using western blot. The administration of MC111 decreased K1 and VT of [18F]MC225 in the whole brain and all of the selected brain regions. In the high-dose group, whole-brain K1 was decreased by 34% (K1-high-dose = 0.20 ± 0.02 vs K1-control = 0.30 ± 0.02; p < 0.001) and in the low-dose group by 7% (K1-low-dose = 0.28 ± 0.02 vs K1-control = 0.30 ± 0.02; p = 0.42) compared to controls. Whole-brain VT was decreased by 25% in the high-dose group (VT-high-dose = 5.92 ± 0.41 vs VT-control = 7.82 ± 0.38; p < 0.001) and by 6% in the low-dose group (VT-low-dose = 7.35 ± 0.38 vs VT-control = 7.82 ± 0.37; p = 0.38) compared to controls. k2 values did not vary after treatment. The treatment did not affect the metabolism of [18F]MC225. Western blot studies using the whole-brain tissue did not detect changes in the P-gp expression, however, preliminary results using isolated brain capillaries found an increasing trend up to 37% in treated rats. The decrease in K1 and VT values after treatment with the inducer indicates an increase in the P-gp functionality at the BBB of treated rats. Moreover, preliminary results using brain endothelial cells also sustained the increase in the P-gp expression. In conclusion, the results verify that MC111 induces P-gp expression and function at the BBB in rats. An increasing trend regarding the P-gp expression levels is found using western blot and an increased P-gp function is confirmed with [18F]MC225 and PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara García-Varela
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O.
Box 30001, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Clinical
Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health
Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antía Custodia
- Clinical
Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health
Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O.
Box 30001, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola A. Colabufo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università
degli Studi di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pablo Aguiar
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Clinical University
Hospital, IDIS Health Research Institute, 15706 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical
Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health
Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O.
Box 30001, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O.
Box 30001, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O.
Box 30001, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O.
Box 30001, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Garcia-Varela L, Attia K, Sembrano JC, Jacquet O, Antunes IF, Kwizera C, Visser TJ, Dierckx RAJO, Elsinga PH, Luurtsema G. A new approach to produce [ 18F]MC225 via one-step synthesis, a PET radiotracer for measuring P-gp function. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:24. [PMID: 34264435 PMCID: PMC8282851 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background [18F]MC225 is a radiotracer for imaging P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function at the blood-brain barrier. The P-gp function can be altered due to different factors, for instance, decreased P-gp function has been described in patients with Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s Disease. The current applied radiosynthesis of [18F]MC225 involves 2 steps, including the distillation of the [18F] fluoroethylbromide intermediate. To develop a more robust synthetic procedure, it is of interest to produce the radiotracer via a 1-step synthesis. The present study describes a new synthetic approach to produce [18F]MC225 via direct 18F-fluorination. Moreover, we also provide the appropriate conditions for the automation of the synthesis. A mesylate precursor was synthesized via a multi-step synthetic route and used for the radiolabeling. The nucleophilic substitution of the mesylate group by [18F] Fluoride was automated in two different synthesis modules: IBA Synthera and Eckert and Ziegler PharmTracer (E&Z). Results The mesylate precursor was synthesized in 7 steps starting with 5-hydroxy-1-tetralone (commercially available) in practical yields. The stability of the precursor was improved via mesylate salt formation method. The radiolabeling was done by adding the mesylate precursor dissolved in DMF to the dried [18F]KF/K2.2.2 complex and heating at 140 °C for 30 min. Quality control by UPLC confirmed the production of [18F]MC225 with a molar activity (Am) higher than 100 GBq/micromole. The synthesis time in Synthera was 106 min and the product was obtained with a radiochemical purity higher than 95% and RCY of 6.5%, while the production in E&Z lasted 120 min and the product had a lower radiochemical purity (91%) and RCY (3.8%). Conclusions [18F]MC225 was successfully produced via a 1-step reaction. The procedure is suitable for automation using commercially available synthesis modules. The automation of the radiosynthesis in the Synthera module allows the production of the [18F]MC225 by a reliable and simple method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Garcia-Varela
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Khaled Attia
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747, AT, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Inês F Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal Kwizera
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ton J Visser
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747, AT, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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11
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Head-to-head comparison of (R)-[ 11C]verapamil and [ 18F]MC225 in non-human primates, tracers for measuring P-glycoprotein function. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:4307-4317. [PMID: 34117508 PMCID: PMC8566421 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function is altered in several brain disorders; thus, it is of interest to monitor the P-gp function in vivo using PET. (R)-[11C]verapamil is considered the gold standard tracer to measure the P-gp function; however, it presents some drawbacks that limit its use. New P-gp tracers have been developed with improved properties, such as [18F]MC225. This study compares the characteristics of (R)-[11C]verapamil and [18F]MC225 in the same subjects. Methods Three non-human primates underwent 4 PET scans: 2 with (R)-[11C]verapamil and 2 with [18F]MC225, at baseline and after P-gp inhibition. The 30-min PET data were analyzed using 1-Tissue Compartment Model (1-TCM) and metabolite-corrected plasma as input function. Tracer kinetic parameters at baseline and after inhibition were compared. Regional differences and simplified methods to quantify the P-gp function were also assessed. Results At baseline, [18F]MC225 VT values were higher, and k2 values were lower than those of (R)-[11C]verapamil, whereas K1 values were not significantly different. After inhibition, VT values of the 2 tracers were similar; however, (R)-[11C]verapamil K1 and k2 values were higher than those of [18F]MC225. Significant regional differences between tracers were found at baseline, which disappeared after inhibition. The positive slope of the SUV-TAC was positively correlated to the K1 and VT of both tracers. Conclusion [18F]MC225 and (R)-[11C]verapamil show comparable sensitivity to measure the P-gp function in non-human primates. Moreover, this study highlights the 30-min VT as the best parameter to measure decreases in the P-gp function with both tracers. [18F]MC225 may become the first radiofluorinated tracer able to measure decreases and increases in the P-gp function due to its higher baseline VT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05411-2.
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12
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Evaluation of P-glycoprotein function at the blood-brain barrier using [ 18F]MC225-PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:4105-4106. [PMID: 34089347 PMCID: PMC8484189 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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13
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Tras B, Eser Faki H, Ozdemir Kutahya Z, Bahcivan E, Dik B, Bozkurt B, Uney K. Treatment and protective effects of metalloproteinase inhibitors alone and in combination with N-Acetyl cysteine plus vitamin E in rats exposed to aflatoxin B 1. Toxicon 2021; 194:79-85. [PMID: 33617885 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors dexamethasone and minocycline administrations -both single and in combination with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin E-on the tissue distribution and lethal dose (LD)50 of aflatoxin (AF)B1 in rats. We performed this study on male Wistar rats (8-10 weeks) in two phases. In the first phase, rats were administered dexamethasone (5 and 20 mg/kg) and minocycline (45 and 90 mg/kg), both as single treatments and in combination with NAC (200 mg/kg) and vitamin E (600 mg/kg); these treatments followed AFB1 administration (2 mg/kg). In the second phase, the therapeutic effect value (TEV) was calculated to determine the treatment effect on the LD50 level of AFB1. The tissue affinity of AFB1 from high to low was liver, kidney, intestine, brain, heart, spleen, lung, testis, and vitreous humor, respectively. Dexamethasone at the 20 mg/kg dose significantly reduced AFB1 concentrations in the plasma and the other tissues, except for the vitreous humor. The effects of minocycline on the plasma and tissue concentrations of AFB1 varied by dose and tissue. The combinations of dexamethasone or minocycline with NAC and vitamin E increased the AFB1 concentrations in the plasma and all tissues, except for vitreous humor and liver. In male rats, the LD50 value of AFB1 was 11.86 mg/kg. The TEV of dexamethasone (20 mg/kg) was calculated to be 1.5. Dexamethasone can be administered in repeated doses at ≥20 mg/kg to increase survival in AFB1 poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunyamin Tras
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hatice Eser Faki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ozdemir Kutahya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cukurova, 01930, Adana, Turkey
| | - Emre Bahcivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, 36000, Kars, Turkey
| | - Burak Dik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Banu Bozkurt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
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14
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García-Varela L, García DV, Kakiuchi T, Ohba H, Nishiyama S, Tago T, Elsinga PH, Tsukada H, Colabufo NA, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A, Toyohara J, Boellaard R, Luurtsema G. Pharmacokinetic Modeling of ( R)-[ 11C]verapamil to Measure the P-Glycoprotein Function in Nonhuman Primates. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:416-428. [PMID: 33315404 PMCID: PMC7788571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
(R)-[11C]verapamil is a radiotracer
widely used for the evaluation of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function
at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Several studies have evaluated
the pharmacokinetics of (R)-[11C]verapamil
in rats and humans under different conditions. However, to the best
of our knowledge, the pharmacokinetics of (R)-[11C]verapamil have not yet been evaluated in nonhuman primates.
Our study aims to establish (R)-[11C]verapamil
as a reference P-gp tracer for comparison of a newly developed P-gp
positron emission tomography (PET) tracer in a species close to humans.
Therefore, the study assesses the kinetics of (R)-[11C]verapamil and evaluates the effect of scan duration and
P-gp inhibition on estimated pharmacokinetic parameters. Three nonhuman
primates underwent two dynamic 91 min PET scans with arterial blood
sampling, one at baseline and another after inhibition of the P-gp
function. The (R)-[11C]verapamil data
were analyzed using 1-tissue compartment model (1-TCM) and 2-tissue
compartment model fits using plasma-corrected for polar radio-metabolites
or non-corrected for radio-metabolites as an input function and with
various scan durations (10, 20, 30, 60, and 91 min). The preferred
model was chosen according to the Akaike information criterion and
the standard errors (SE %) of the estimated parameters. 1-TCM was
selected as the model of choice to analyze the (R)-[11C]verapamil data at baseline and after inhibition
and for all scan durations tested. The volume of distribution (VT) and the efflux constant k2 estimations were affected by the evaluated scan durations,
whereas the influx constant K1 estimations
remained relatively constant. After P-gp inhibition (tariquidar, 8
mg/kg), in a 91 min scan duration, the whole-brain VT increased significantly up to 208% (p < 0.001) and K1 up to 159% (p < 0.001) compared with baseline scans. The k2 values decreased significantly after P-gp
inhibition in all the scan durations except for the 91 min scans.
This study suggests the use of K1, calculated
with 1-TCM and using short PET scans (10 to 30 min), as a suitable
parameter to measure the P-gp function at the BBB of nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara García-Varela
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - David Vállez García
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Takeharu Kakiuchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita, Hamamatsu 434-8601, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohba
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita, Hamamatsu 434-8601, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Nishiyama
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita, Hamamatsu 434-8601, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tago
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita, Hamamatsu 434-8601, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nicola A Colabufo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70125, Italy.,Biofordrug, Spin-off Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro", via Dante 99, Triggiano, Bari 70019, Italy
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
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