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Armijos-Capa G, Tuninetti JS, Thomas AH, Serrano MP. Enhancement of the Photosensitizing Properties of 6-Carboxypterin through Covalent Binding to the pH-Responsive and Biocompatible Poly(allylamine Hydrochloride). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3922-3934. [PMID: 38061363 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A polymeric photosensitizer was synthesized through covalent attachment of the natural photosensitizer 6-carboxypterin (Cap) to a poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) polymer. The optimization of the functionalization steps and purification procedure is described. The overall yield of the functionalization reaction was 67% to generate the modified polymer (PAH-Cap), featuring a Cap substitution degree of approximately 1% and advantageous spectroscopic properties. Photosensitizing properties of PAH-Cap were observed to occur via both photooxidation mechanisms, i.e., type I and type II. This feature was demonstrated using a biologically relevant target molecule, 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG). The spectroscopic, photophysical, and photochemical behaviors in aqueous environments were studied and compared to Cap. To explore possible further relevant biological applications, experiments with PAH-Cap and dG were carried out at physiological pH. PAH-Cap can generate singlet molecular oxygen and initiate an electron transfer process at pH 7 in air-saturated solutions upon UVA irradiation. Moreover, based on its spectroscopic features, visible light can be used to initiate the photooxidation of biological compounds in water, with many interesting advantages compared to free Cap and other related pteridines. These advantages include an enhancement of the photosensitizing effect at physiological pH and the potential of PAH-Cap for its use as a building block in supramolecular assemblies. The functionalization strategy hereby described can be employed for the preparation of robust photoactive polymers with great potential for its application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and disinfection technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Armijos-Capa
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata-CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Jimena S Tuninetti
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata-CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata-CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Mariana P Serrano
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata-CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
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2
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Sosa MJ, Fonseca JL, Sakaya A, Urrutia MN, Petroselli G, Erra-Balsells R, Quindt MI, Bonesi SM, Cosa G, Vignoni M, Thomas AH. Alkylation converts riboflavin into an efficient photosensitizer of phospholipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184155. [PMID: 37003545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
A new decyl chain [-(CH2)9CH3] riboflavin conjugate has been synthesized and investigated. A nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reaction was used for coupling the alkyl chain to riboflavin (Rf), a model natural photosensitizer. As expected, the alkylated compound (decyl-Rf) is significantly more lipophilic than its precursor and efficiently intercalates within phospholipid bilayers, increasing its fluorescence quantum yield. The oxidative damage to lipid membranes photoinduced by decyl-Rf was investigated in large and giant unilamellar vesicles (LUVs and GUVs, respectively) composed of different phospholipids. Using a fluorogenic probe, fast radical formation and singlet oxygen generation was demonstrated upon UVA irradiation in vesicles containing decyl-Rf. Photosensitized formation of conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides, and membrane leakage in LUVs rich in poly-unsaturated fatty acids were also investigated. The overall assessment of the results shows that decyl-Rf is a significantly more efficient photosensitizer of lipids than its unsubstituted precursor and that the association to lipid membranes is key to trigger phospholipid oxidation. Alkylation of hydrophilic photosensitizers as a simple and general synthetic tool to obtain efficient photosensitizers of biomembranes, with potential applications, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Sosa
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - José Luis Fonseca
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina; Department of Chemistry, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, QC, Canada
| | - Aya Sakaya
- Department of Chemistry, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, QC, Canada
| | - María Noel Urrutia
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Petroselli
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías I Quindt
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio M Bonesi
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, QC, Canada
| | - Mariana Vignoni
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
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3
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Fonseca JL, Sosa MJ, Petroselli G, Erra-Balsells R, Quindt MI, Bonesi SM, Greer A, Greer EM, Thomas AH, Vignoni M. Synthesis, Characterization and Photocleavage of Bis-decyl Pteroic Acid: A Folate Derivative with Affinity to Biomembranes †. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:593-604. [PMID: 36478217 DOI: 10.1111/php.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here, we provide mechanistic insight to the photocleavage of a compound in the folate family, namely pteroic acid. A bis-decyl chain derivative of pteroic acid was synthesized, structurally characterized and photochemically investigated. We showed that, like folic acid, pteroic acid and the decylated derivative undergo a photocleavage reaction in the presence of H2 O, while no reaction was observed in methanol solution. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations were carried out to predict relative stabilities of hypothetical mono-, bis- and tris-decylated pteroic acid derivatives to help rationalize the regioselectivity of the bis-decyl pteroic acid product. Additionally, the lipophilicity of the bis-decyl pteroic acid appears to confer a hydrophobic property enabling an interaction with biomembranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Fonseca
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María José Sosa
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Petroselli
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías I Quindt
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio M Bonesi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Edyta M Greer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariana Vignoni
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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Insights into Molecular Structure of Pterins Suitable for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315222. [PMID: 36499560 PMCID: PMC9737128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterins are an inseparable part of living organisms. Pterins participate in metabolic reactions mostly as tetrahydropterins. Dihydropterins are usually intermediates of these reactions, whereas oxidized pterins can be biomarkers of diseases. In this review, we analyze the available data on the quantum chemistry of unconjugated pterins as well as their photonics. This gives a comprehensive overview about the electronic structure of pterins and offers some benefits for biomedicine applications: (1) one can affect the enzymatic reactions of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, NO synthases, and alkylglycerol monooxygenase through UV irradiation of H4pterins since UV provokes electron donor reactions of H4pterins; (2) the emission properties of H2pterins and oxidized pterins can be used in fluorescence diagnostics; (3) two-photon absorption (TPA) should be used in such pterin-related infrared therapy because single-photon absorption in the UV range is inefficient and scatters in vivo; (4) one can affect pathogen organisms through TPA excitation of H4pterin cofactors, such as the molybdenum cofactor, leading to its detachment from proteins and subsequent oxidation; (5) metal nanostructures can be used for the UV-vis, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy detection of pterin biomarkers. Therefore, we investigated both the biochemistry and physical chemistry of pterins and suggested some potential prospects for pterin-related biomedicine.
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Wilkinson IVL, Pfanzelt M, Sieber SA. Functionalised Cofactor Mimics for Interactome Discovery and Beyond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201136. [PMID: 35286003 PMCID: PMC9401033 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cofactors are required for almost half of all enzyme reactions, but their functions and binding partners are not fully understood even after decades of research. Functionalised cofactor mimics that bind in place of the unmodified cofactor can provide answers, as well as expand the scope of cofactor activity. Through chemical proteomics approaches such as activity-based protein profiling, the interactome and localisation of the native cofactor in its physiological environment can be deciphered and previously uncharacterised proteins annotated. Furthermore, cofactors that supply functional groups to substrate biomolecules can be hijacked by mimics to site-specifically label targets and unravel the complex biology of post-translational protein modification. The diverse activity of cofactors has inspired the design of mimics for use as inhibitors, antibiotic therapeutics, and chemo- and biosensors, and cofactor conjugates have enabled the generation of novel enzymes and artificial DNAzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel V L Wilkinson
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Pfanzelt
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Wilkinson IVL, Pfanzelt M, Sieber SA. Funktionalisierte Cofaktor‐Analoga für die Erforschung von Interaktomen und darüber hinaus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel V. L. Wilkinson
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Martin Pfanzelt
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Deutschland
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7
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López-Molina S, Galiana-Roselló C, Galiana C, Gil-Martínez A, Bandeira S, González-García J. Alkaloids as Photosensitisers for the Inactivation of Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1505. [PMID: 34943717 PMCID: PMC8698950 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy has emerged as a powerful approach to tackle microbial infections. Photodynamic therapy utilises a photosensitiser, light, and oxygen to generate singlet oxygen and/or reactive oxygen species in an irradiated tissue spot, which subsequently react with nearby biomolecules and destroy the cellular environment. Due to the possibility to irradiate in a very precise location, it can be used to eradicate bacteria, fungus, and parasites upon light activation of the photosensitiser. In this regard, natural products are low-cost molecules capable of being obtained in large quantities, and some of them can be used as photosensitisers. Alkaloids are the largest family among natural products and include molecules with a basic nature and aromatic rings. For this study, we collected the naturally occurring alkaloids used to treat microorganism infections using a photodynamic inactivation approach. We gathered their main photophysical properties (excitation/emission wavelengths, quantum yields, and oxygen quantum yield) which characterise the ability to efficiently photosensitise. In addition, we described the antibacterial activity of alkaloids upon irradiation and the mechanisms involved in the microorganism killing. This review will serve as a reference source to obtain the main information on alkaloids used in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia López-Molina
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Science, Catedrático José Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (S.L.-M.); (C.G.-R.); (A.G.-M.); (S.B.)
| | - Cristina Galiana-Roselló
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Science, Catedrático José Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (S.L.-M.); (C.G.-R.); (A.G.-M.); (S.B.)
| | - Carolina Galiana
- Department of Pharmacy, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Ramón y Cajal s/n, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain;
| | - Ariadna Gil-Martínez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Science, Catedrático José Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (S.L.-M.); (C.G.-R.); (A.G.-M.); (S.B.)
| | - Stephane Bandeira
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Science, Catedrático José Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (S.L.-M.); (C.G.-R.); (A.G.-M.); (S.B.)
| | - Jorge González-García
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Science, Catedrático José Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (S.L.-M.); (C.G.-R.); (A.G.-M.); (S.B.)
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A model to understand type I oxidations of biomolecules photosensitized by pterins. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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9
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Malcomson T, Paterson MJ. Theoretical determination of two-photon absorption in biologically relevant pterin derivatives. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1538-1547. [PMID: 33029609 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00255k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Given the prevalence of fluorescence spectroscopy in biological systems, and the prevalence of pterin derivatives throughout biological systems, presented here is an assessment of the two-photon absorption spectroscopy as it applies to a range of the most commonly studied pterin derivatives. QR-CAMB3LYP//ccpVTZ calculations suggest that the use of two-photon spectroscopic methods would enable a more capable differentiation between closely related derivatives in comparison to the one-photon spectra, which show minimal qualitative deviation. Study of short tail derivatives shows that, in most cases, two-photon accessible states solely involve the π* LUMO as the particle orbital, with biopterin, neopterin, and 6-(hydroxymethyl)pterin presenting exceptional potential for targetting. Investigation of derivatives in which the tail contains an aromatic ring resulted in the observation of a series of two-photon accessible states involving charge transfer from the tail to the pterin moiety, the cross sections of which are highly dependent on the adoption of a planar geometry. The observation of these states presents a novel method for tracking the substitution of biologically important molecules such as folic acid and 5-methenyltetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Malcomson
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - Martin J Paterson
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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Immobilization of alkyl-pterin photosensitizer on silicon surfaces through in situ S N2 reaction as suitable approach for photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 198:111456. [PMID: 33246776 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The tuning of surface properties through functionalization is an important field of research with a broad spectrum of applications. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) allow the surface tailoring through the adsorption of molecular layers having the appropriate functional group or precursor group enabling in situ chemical reactions and thus to the incorporation of new functionalities. The latter approach is particularly advantageous when the incorporation of huge groups is needed. In this study, we report the immobilization of pterin moieties on 11-bromoundecyltrichlorosilane-modified silicon substrates based on the in situ replacement of the bromine groups by pterin (Ptr), the parent derivative of pterins, by means of a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The modified surface was structurally characterized through a multi-technique approach, including high-resolution XPS analysis, contact angle measurements, and AFM. The designed synthesis method leads to the functionalization of the silicon surface with two compounds, O-undecyl-Ptr and N-undecyl-Ptr, with a higher proportion of the N-derivative (1:8 ratio). The alkyl-pterins immobilized via the proposed strategy, retain their photochemical properties, being able to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth under irradiation (84.3 ± 15.6 % reduction in viable cells). Our results open the possibility for the modification of several materials, such as glass and metal, through the formation of SAMs having the proper head group, thus allowing the design of photosensitive surfaces with potential microbiological self-cleaning properties.
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Sosa MJ, Urrutia MN, Schilardi PL, Quindt MI, Bonesi SM, Denburg D, Vignoni M, Greer A, Greer EM, Thomas AH. Mono- and Bis-Alkylated Lumazine Sensitizers: Synthetic, Molecular Orbital Theory, Nucleophilic Index and Photochemical Studies. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:80-90. [PMID: 32628299 DOI: 10.1111/php.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mono- and bis-decylated lumazines have been synthesized and characterized. Namely, mono-decyl chain [1-decylpteridine-2,4(1,3H)-dione] 6a and bis-decyl chain [1,3-didecylpteridine-2,4(1,3H)-dione] 7a conjugates were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution (SN 2) reactions of lumazine with 1-iododecane in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. Decyl chain coupling occurred at the N1 site and then the N3 site in a sequential manner, without DMF condensation. Molecular orbital (MO) calculations show a p-orbital at N1 but not N3 , which along with a nucleophilicity parameter (N) analysis predict alkylation at N1 in lumazine. Only after the alkylation at N1 in 6a, does a p-orbital on N3 emerge thereby reacting with a second equivalent of 1-iododecane to reach the dialkylated product 7a. Data from NMR (1 H, 13 C, HSQC, HMBC), HPLC, TLC, UV-vis, fluorescence and density functional theory (DFT) provide evidence for the existence of mono-decyl chain 6a and bis-decyl chain 7a. These results differ to pterin O-alkylations (kinetic control), where N-alkylation of lumazine is preferred and then to dialkylation (thermodynamic control), with an avoidance of DMF solvent condensation. These findings add to the list of alkylation strategies for increasing sensitizer lipophilicity for use in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Sosa
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Noel Urrutia
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia L Schilardi
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Matías I Quindt
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Organica, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio M Bonesi
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Organica, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dobrushe Denburg
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariana Vignoni
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edyta M Greer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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12
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Robinson-Duggon J, Pizarro N, Gunther G, Zúñiga-Núñez D, Edwards AM, Greer A, Fuentealba D. Fatty Acid Conjugates of Toluidine Blue O as Amphiphilic Photosensitizers: Synthesis, Solubility, Photophysics and Photochemical Properties †. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:71-79. [PMID: 32619275 DOI: 10.1111/php.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toluidine blue O (TBO) is a water-soluble photosensitizer that has been used in photodynamic antimicrobial and anticancer treatments, but suffers from limited solubility in hydrophobic media. In an effort to incrementally increase TBO's hydrophobicity, we describe the synthesis of hexanoic (TBOC6) and myristic (TBOC14) fatty acid derivatives of TBO formed in low to moderate percent yields by condensation with the free amine site. Covalently linking 6 and 14 carbon chains led to modifications of not only TBO's solubility, but also its photophysical and photochemical properties. TBOC6 and TBOC14 derivatives were more soluble in organic solvents and showed hypsochromic shifts in their absorption and emission bands. The solubility in phosphate buffer solution was low for both TBOC6 and TBOC14, but unexpectedly slightly greater in the latter. Both TBOC6 and TBOC14 showed decreased triplet excited-state lifetimes and singlet oxygen quantum yields in acetonitrile, which was attributed to heightened aggregation of these conjugates particularly at high concentrations due to the hydrophobic "tails." While in diluted aqueous buffer solution, indirect measurements showed similar efficiency in singlet oxygen generation for TBOC14 compared to TBO. This work demonstrates a facile synthesis of fatty acid TBO derivatives leading to amphiphilic compounds with a delocalized cationic "head" group and hydrophobic "tails" for potential to accumulate into biological membranes or membrane/aqueous interfaces in PDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Robinson-Duggon
- Laboratorio de Química Biosupramolecular, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá City, Panamá
| | - Nancy Pizarro
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Germán Gunther
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Zúñiga-Núñez
- Laboratorio de Química Biosupramolecular, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Edwards
- Laboratorio de Química Biosupramolecular, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Denis Fuentealba
- Laboratorio de Química Biosupramolecular, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago, Chile
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Siewert B, Stuppner H. The photoactivity of natural products - An overlooked potential of phytomedicines? PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 60:152985. [PMID: 31257117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoactivity, though known for centuries, is only recently shifting back into focus as a treatment option against cancer and microbial infections. The external factor light is the ingenious key-component of this therapy: Since light activates the drug locally, a high level of selectivity is reached and side effects are avoided. The first reported photoactive medicines were plant extracts. Synthetic entities (so-called photosensitizers PSs), however, paved the route towards the clinical approval of the so-called photodynamic therapy (PDT), and thus natural PSs took a backseat in the past. HYPOTHESIS Many isolated bioactive phytochemicals hold a hidden photoactive potential, which is overlooked due to the reduced common awareness of photoactivity. METHODS A systematic review of reported natural PSs and their supposed medicinal application was conducted by employing PubMed, Scifinder, and Web of Science. The identified photoactive natural products were compiled including information about their natural sources, their photoyield, and their pharmacological application. Furthermore, the common chemical scaffolds of natural PS are shown to enable the reader to recognize potentially overlooked natural PSs. RESULTS The literature review revealed over 100 natural PS, excluding porphyrins. The PSs were classified according to their scaffold. Thereby it was shown that some PS-scaffolds were analyzed in a detailed way, while other classes were only scarcely investigated, which leaves space for future discoveries. In addition, the literature revealed that many PSs are phytoalexins, thus the selection of the starting material significantly matters in order to find new PSs. CONCLUSION Photoactive principles are ubiquitous and can be found in various plant extracts. With the increasing availability of light-irradiation setups for the identification of photoactive natural products, we anticipate the discovery of many new natural PSs in the near future. With the accumulation of chemically diverse PSs, PDT itself might finally reach its clinical breakthrough as a promising alternative treatment against multi-resistant microbes and cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Siewert
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria.
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
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Walalawela N, Urrutia MN, Thomas AH, Greer A, Vignoni M. Alkane Chain‐extended Pterin Through a Pendent Carboxylic Acid Acts as Triple Functioning Fluorophore,
1
O
2
Sensitizer and Membrane Binder. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1160-1168. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niluksha Walalawela
- Department of Chemistry Brooklyn College City University of New York Brooklyn NY
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry The Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York NY
| | - María Noel Urrutia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) CCT La Plata‐CONICET La Plata Argentina
| | - Andrés H. Thomas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) CCT La Plata‐CONICET La Plata Argentina
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry Brooklyn College City University of New York Brooklyn NY
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry The Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York NY
| | - Mariana Vignoni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) CCT La Plata‐CONICET La Plata Argentina
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15
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Theoretical study of photoreactions between oxidized pterins and molecular oxygen. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Vignoni M, Urrutia MN, Junqueira HC, Greer A, Reis A, Baptista MS, Itri R, Thomas AH. Photo-Oxidation of Unilamellar Vesicles by a Lipophilic Pterin: Deciphering Biomembrane Photodamage. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15578-15586. [PMID: 30457340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pterins are natural products that can photosensitize the oxidation of DNA, proteins, and phospholipids. Recently, a new series of decyl-chain (i.e., lipophilic) pterins were synthesized and their photophysical properties were investigated. These decyl-pterins led to efficient intercalation in large unilamellar vesicles and produced, under UVA irradiation, singlet molecular oxygen, a highly oxidative species that react with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to form hydroperoxides. Here, we demonstrate that the association of 4-(decyloxy)pteridin-2-amine ( O-decyl-Ptr) to lipid membranes is key to its ability to trigger phospholipid oxidation in unilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine rich in PUFAs used as model biomembranes. Our results show that O-decyl-Ptr is at least 1 order of magnitude more efficient photosensitizer of lipids than pterin (Ptr), the unsubstituted derivative of the pterin family, which is more hydrophilic and freely passes across lipid membranes. Lipid peroxidation photosensitized by O-decyl-Ptr was detected by the formation of conjugated dienes and oxidized lipids, such as hydroxy and hydroperoxide derivatives. These primary products undergo a rapid conversion into short-chain secondary products by cleavage of the fatty-acid chains, some of which are due to subsequent photosensitized reactions. As a consequence, a fast increase in membrane permeability is observed. Therefore, lipid oxidation induced by O-decyl-Ptr could promote cell photodamage due to the biomembrane integrity loss, which in turn may trigger cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vignoni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Dep. de Química, Fac. de Cs. Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , CCT La Plata-CONICET, CC 16, Suc. 4 , 1900 La Plata , Argentina
| | - Maria Noel Urrutia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Dep. de Química, Fac. de Cs. Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , CCT La Plata-CONICET, CC 16, Suc. 4 , 1900 La Plata , Argentina
| | - Helena C Junqueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , 05508-000 São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry , Brooklyn College, City University of New York , Brooklyn , 11210 New York , United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry , The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , 365 Fifth Avenue , 10016 New York , New York , United States
| | - Ana Reis
- ICETA/REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , 05508-000 São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Rosangela Itri
- Institute of Physics , University of São Paulo , 05508-090 São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Dep. de Química, Fac. de Cs. Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , CCT La Plata-CONICET, CC 16, Suc. 4 , 1900 La Plata , Argentina
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Estébanez S, Lorente C, Kaufman TS, Larghi EL, Thomas AH, Serrano MP. Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of 3-methylpterin as a New and More Stable Pterin-type Photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:881-889. [PMID: 29729023 DOI: 10.1111/php.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pterin derivatives are heterocyclic compounds which are present in different biological systems. Neutral aqueous solutions of pterins present acid-base and keto-enol equilibria. These compounds, under UV-A radiation fluoresce, undergo photooxidation, generate reactive oxygen species and photoinduce the oxidation of biological substrates. As photosensitizers, they may act through different mechanisms, mainly through an electron transfer-initiated process (type-I mechanism), but they also produce singlet molecular oxygen (1 O2 ) upon irradiation (type-II mechanism). In general, upon UV-A excitation two triplet states, corresponding to the lactim and lactam tautomers, are formed, but only the last one is the responsible for the photosensitized reactions of biomolecules. We present a study of the photochemical properties of 3-methylpterin (3-Mep) which, in contrast to most pterin derivatives, exists only in the lactam form. Also an improvement in the synthesis of 3-Mep is reported. The spectroscopic properties 3-Mep in aqueous solution were similar to those of the unsubstituted pterin derivative (Ptr) in its acid form, such as absorption, fluorescent and phosphorescent emission spectra. Experiments using 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate (dGMP) as oxidizable target demonstrated that methylation at C-3 position of the pterin moiety does not affect significantly the efficiency of photosensitization, but results in a more photostable sensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Estébanez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carolina Lorente
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Enrique L Larghi
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariana P Serrano
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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