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Li L, Ling J, Zhang D, Wang N, Lin J, Xi Z, Xu W. Direct measurement of built-in electric field inside a 2D cavity. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:011102. [PMID: 38174792 DOI: 10.1063/5.0180444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The on-demand assembly of 2D heterostructures has brought about both novel interfacial physical chemistry and optoelectronic applications; however, existing studies rarely focus on the complementary part-the 2D cavity, which is a new-born area with unprecedented opportunities. In this study, we have investigated the electric field inside a spacer-free 2D cavity consisting of a monolayer semiconductor and a gold film substrate. We have directly captured the built-in electric field crossing a blinking 2D cavity using a Kelvin probe force microscopy-Raman system. The simultaneously recorded morphology (M), electric field (E), and optical spectroscopy (O) mapping profile unambiguously reveals dynamical fluctuations of the interfacial electric field under a constant cavity height. Moreover, we have also prepared non-blinking 2D cavities and analyzed the gap-dependent electric field evolution with a gradual heating procedure, which further enhances the maximum electric field exceeding 109 V/m. Our work has revealed substantial insights into the built-in electric field within a 2D cavity, which will benefit adventures in electric-field-dependent interfacial sciences and future applications of 2D chemical nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinyang Ling
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dongxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nanyang Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiamin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhonghua Xi
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weigao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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2
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Zhu G, Zhang L, Li W, Shi X, Zou Z, Guo Q, Li X, Xu W, Jie J, Wang T, Du W, Xiong Q. Room-temperature high-speed electrical modulation of excitonic distribution in a monolayer semiconductor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6701. [PMID: 37872139 PMCID: PMC10593816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitons in monolayer semiconductors, benefitting from their large binding energies, hold great potential towards excitonic circuits bridging nano-electronics and photonics. However, achieving room-temperature ultrafast on-chip electrical modulation of excitonic distribution and flow in monolayer semiconductors is nontrivial. Here, utilizing lateral bias, we report high-speed electrical modulation of the excitonic distribution in a monolayer semiconductor junction at room temperature. The alternating charge trapping/detrapping at the two monolayer/electrode interfaces induces a non-uniform carrier distribution, leading to controlled in-plane spatial variations of excitonic populations, and mimicking a bias-driven excitonic flow. This modulation increases with the bias amplitude and eventually saturates, relating to the energetic distribution of trap density of states. The switching time of the modulation is down to 5 ns, enabling high-speed excitonic devices. Our findings reveal the trap-assisted exciton engineering in monolayer semiconductors and offer great opportunities for future two-dimensional excitonic devices and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangpeng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Wenfei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Xiuqi Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Weigao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jiansheng Jie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
| | - Wei Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, 100084, PR China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, PR China
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3
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Peña Román RJ, Bretel R, Pommier D, Parra López LE, Lorchat E, Boer-Duchemin E, Dujardin G, Borisov AG, Zagonel LF, Schull G, Berciaud S, Le Moal E. Tip-Induced and Electrical Control of the Photoluminescence Yield of Monolayer WS 2. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9244-9251. [PMID: 36458911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The photoluminescence (PL) of monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) is locally and electrically controlled using the nonplasmonic tip and tunneling current of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The spatial and spectral distribution of the emitted light is determined using an optical microscope. When the STM tip is engaged, short-range PL quenching due to near-field electromagnetic effects is present, independent of the sign and value of the bias voltage applied to the tip-sample tunneling junction. In addition, a bias-voltage-dependent long-range PL quenching is measured when the sample is positively biased. We explain these observations by considering the native n-doping of monolayer WS2 and the charge carrier density gradients induced by electron tunneling in micrometer-scale areas around the tip position. The combination of wide-field PL microscopy and charge carrier injection using an STM opens up new ways to explore the interplay between excitons and charge carriers in two-dimensional semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Javier Peña Román
- Institute of Physics "Gleb Wataghin", Department of Applied Physics, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-859 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rémi Bretel
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Delphine Pommier
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Luis Enrique Parra López
- Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Lorchat
- Physics & Informatics (PHI) Laboratories, NTT Research, Inc., Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Elizabeth Boer-Duchemin
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Gérald Dujardin
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Andrei G Borisov
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Luiz Fernando Zagonel
- Institute of Physics "Gleb Wataghin", Department of Applied Physics, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-859 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Guillaume Schull
- Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Berciaud
- Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Le Moal
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
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4
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Schmidheini L, Tiefenauer RF, Gatterdam V, Frutiger A, Sannomiya T, Aramesh M. Self-Assembly of Nanodiamonds and Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Nanoscopy. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12030148. [PMID: 35323419 PMCID: PMC8946096 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds have emerged as promising agents for sensing and imaging due to their exceptional photostability and sensitivity to the local nanoscale environment. Here, we introduce a hybrid system composed of a nanodiamond containing nitrogen-vacancy center that is paired to a gold nanoparticle via DNA hybridization. Using multiphoton optical studies, we demonstrate that the harmonic mode emission generated in gold nanoparticles induces a coupled fluorescence emission in nanodiamonds. We show that the flickering of harmonic emission in gold nanoparticles directly influences the nanodiamonds' emissions, resulting in stochastic blinking. By utilizing the stochastic emission fluctuations, we present a proof-of-principle experiment to demonstrate the potential application of the hybrid system for super-resolution microscopy. The introduced system may find applications in intracellular biosensing and bioimaging due to the DNA-based coupling mechanism and also the attractive characteristics of harmonic generation, such as low power, low background and tissue transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schmidheini
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (R.F.T.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Raphael F. Tiefenauer
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (R.F.T.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Volker Gatterdam
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (R.F.T.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Andreas Frutiger
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (R.F.T.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Takumi Sannomiya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan;
| | - Morteza Aramesh
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (R.F.T.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Li H, Li H, Wang X, Nie Y, Liu C, Dai Y, Ling J, Ding M, Ling X, Xie D, Lu N, Wan C, Xiong Q, Xu W. Spontaneous Polarity Flipping in a 2D Heterobilayer Induced by Fluctuating Interfacial Carrier Flows. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6773-6780. [PMID: 34382814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polarity often refers to the charge carrier type of a semiconductor or the charging state of a functional group, generally dominating their functionality and performance. Herein we uncover a spontaneous and stochastic polarity-flipping phenomenon in monolayer WSe2, which randomly switches between the n-type and p-type states and is essentially triggered by fluctuating carrier flows from or to the adjacent WS2 monolayer. We have traced such fluctuating carrier flows by interfacial photocurrent measurements in a zero-bias two-terminal device. Such polarity flipping results in switching between the negative and positive correlations between the emission intensities of WS2 and WSe2 in the heterobilayer, which is further well-controlled by the electrostatic gate-tuning experiments in a capacitor-structure device. Our work not only demonstrates giant and intermittent carrier flows through long-range coupling in 2D heterostructures and a consequent spontaneous polarity flipping phenomenon but also provides a two-emitter system with a switchable correlation sign that could project future applications in optical logic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Honglei Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xingzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Yufeng Nie
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinyang Ling
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- The Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Anhui, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Changjin Wan
- School of Electronic Science & Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Weigao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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6
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Minn K, Anopchenko A, Chang CW, Mishra R, Kim J, Zhang Z, Lu YJ, Gwo S, Lee HWH. Enhanced Spontaneous Emission of Monolayer MoS 2 on Epitaxially Grown Titanium Nitride Epsilon-Near-Zero Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4928-4936. [PMID: 34109795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature photoluminescence enhancement of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayers on epitaxial titanium nitride (TiN) thin films grown by molecular-beam-epitaxy as well as magnetron-sputtered TiN films is observed by a confocal laser scanning microscope with excitation wavelengths covering the transition of TiN's macroscopic optical properties from dielectric to plasmonic. The photoluminescence enhancement increases as TiN becomes more metallic, and strong enhancement is obtained at the excitation wavelengths equal to or longer than the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) wavelength of TiN films. A good agreement is observed between measured and calculated enhancements. The enhancement is attributed to the increased excitation field in MoS2 at TiN's ENZ wavelength and interference effects for thick spacers that separate the MoS2 flakes from TiN films in the metallic regime. This study enriches the fundamental understanding of emission properties on ENZ substrates that could be important for the development of advanced nanoscale lasers/light sources, optical/biosensors, and nano-optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khant Minn
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Aleksei Anopchenko
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ching-Wen Chang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ragini Mishra
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jinmin Kim
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Zhenrong Zhang
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Yu-Jung Lu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shangjr Gwo
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ho Wai Howard Lee
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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