1
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Deng S, Zhang E, Zhao Y, Guo H, Luo L, Yi S, Zheng B, Mu X, Yuan K, Deng X, Rong H, Ma Y, Bian W, Shen H. Graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) induce behavioral disorders via the disturbance of kynurenine pathway in zebrafish larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 279:109865. [PMID: 38403007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) expands the use of graphene derivatives in nanomedicine for its direct therapeutic applications in treating neurodegeneration, inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and among others. Nevertheless, the biosafety assessment of GQDs remains deficient mostly because of the diverse surface characteristics of the nanoparticles. Our prior work demonstrated that GQDs can induce strong thigmotactic effects in zebrafish larvae over a wide range of concentrations, yet the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a further exploration about graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) for its potential neurotoxic effect on the behaviors of zebrafish larvae by combining neurotransmitter-targeted metabolomics with locomotion analysis. After continuous exposure to a concentration gradient of GOQDs (12.5 - 25 - 50 - 100 - 200 μg/mL) for 7 days, the thigmotactic activities of zebrafish larvae were observed across all exposure concentrations relative to the control group, while the basal locomotor activities, including distance moved and average velocity, were significantly changed by low concentrations of GOQDs. Targeted metabolomics was performed using zebrafish larvae at 7 days post-fertilization (dpf) that were exposed to 12.5 and 200 μg/mL, both of which were found to perturb the kynurenine pathway by regulating the levels of kynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), and quinolinic acid (QA). Furthermore, the thigmotaxis of larval fish induced by GOQDs during exposure could be counteracted by supplementing Ro-61-8048, an agonist acting on kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO). In conclusion, our study establishes the involvement of the kynurenine pathway in GOQDs-induced thigmotaxis, which is independent of the transcriptional modulation of glutamate receptor families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Deng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Enming Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunyang Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Song Yi
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bingxin Zheng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Mu
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kezhu Yuan
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuangen Deng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haibo Rong
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wanping Bian
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Hai Shen
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Tan B, Hu J, Wu F. Cholesterols Induced Distinctive Entry of the Graphene Nanosheet into the Cell Membrane. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:9216-9225. [PMID: 38434853 PMCID: PMC10905697 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Graphene nanosheets are highly valued in the biomedical field due to their potential applications in drug delivery, biological imaging, and biosensors. Their biological effects on mammalian cells may be influenced by cholesterols, which are crucial components in cell membranes that take part in many vital processes. Therefore, it is particularly important to investigate the effect of cholesterols on the transport mechanism of graphene nanosheets in the cell membrane as well as the final stable configuration of graphene, which may have an impact on cytotoxicity. In this paper, the molecular details of a graphene nanosheet interacting with a 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (DPPC) membrane with cholesterols were studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Results showed that the structure of the graphene nanosheet transits from the cut-in state in a pure DPPC membrane to being sandwiched between two DPPC leaflets when cholesterols reach a certain concentration. The underlying mechanism showed that cholesterols are preferentially adsorbed on the graphene nanosheet, which causes a larger disturbance to the nearby DPPC tails and thus guides the graphene nanosheet into the core of lipid bilayers to form a sandwiched structure. Our results are helpful for understanding the fundamental interaction mechanism between the graphene nanosheet and cell membrane and to explore the potential applications of the graphene nanosheet in biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Optical
Field Manipulation
of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Juanmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optical
Field Manipulation
of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fengmin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optical
Field Manipulation
of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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3
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Cho H, Bae G, Hong BH. Engineering functionalization and properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with controllable synthesis for energy and display applications. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:3347-3378. [PMID: 38288500 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05842e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), a new type of 0D nanomaterial, are composed of a graphene lattice with sp2 bonding carbon core and characterized by their abundant edges and wide surface area. This unique structure imparts excellent electrical properties and exceptional physicochemical adsorption capabilities to GQDs. Additionally, the reduction in dimensionality of graphene leads to an open band gap in GQDs, resulting in their unique optical properties. The functional groups and dopants in GQDs are key factors that allow the modulation of these characteristics. So, controlling the functionalization level of GQDs is crucial for understanding their characteristics and further application. This review provides an overview of the properties and structure of GQDs and summarizes recent developments in research that focus on their controllable synthesis, involving functional groups and doping. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive and focused explanation of how GQDs have been advantageously applied in recent years, particularly in the fields of energy storage devices and displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonwoo Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gaeun Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Hee Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Graphene Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
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Yukawa H, Sato K, Baba Y. Theranostics applications of quantum dots in regenerative medicine, cancer medicine, and infectious diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:114863. [PMID: 37156265 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have attracted attention for their application and commercialization in all industrial fields, including communications, displays, and solar cells, due to their excellent optical properties based on the quantum size effect. In recent years, the development of QDs that do not contain cadmium which is toxic to cells and living organisms, has progressed, and they have attracted considerable attention in the bio-imaging field for targeting molecules and cells. Furthermore, recently, the need for diagnostics and treatment at the single molecule and single cell level in the medical field has been increasing, and the application of QDs in the medical field is also accelerating. Therefore, this paper outlines the frontiers of diagnostic and therapeutic applications (theranostics) of QDs, especially in advanced medical fields such as regenerative medicine, oncology, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yukawa
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, Advanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 Unit, Nagoya University, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Development of Quantum-nano Cancer Photoimmunotherapy for Clinical Application of Refractory Cancer, Nagoya University, Tsurumai 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Institute of Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Quantum Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 265-8522, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Sato
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, Advanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 Unit, Nagoya University, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Development of Quantum-nano Cancer Photoimmunotherapy for Clinical Application of Refractory Cancer, Nagoya University, Tsurumai 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Development of Quantum-nano Cancer Photoimmunotherapy for Clinical Application of Refractory Cancer, Nagoya University, Tsurumai 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Institute of Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Deng S, Zhang E, Tao J, Zhao Y, Huo W, Guo H, Zheng B, Mu X, Yuan K, Deng X, Shen H, Rong H, Ma Y, Bian W. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) induce thigmotactic effect in zebrafish larvae via modulating key genes and metabolites related to synaptic plasticity. Toxicology 2023; 487:153462. [PMID: 36805088 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) recently gain much attention for its medicinal values in treating diseases such as neurodegeneration and inflammations. However, owing to the high permeability of GQDs across the blood-brain barrier, whether its retention in the central nervous system (CNS) perturbs neurobehaviors remains less reported. In the study, the locomotion of zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) was fully evaluated when administrated by two GQDs in a concentration gradient, respectively as reduced-GQDs (R-GQDs): 150, 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 g/L, and graphene oxide QDs (GOQDs): 60, 120, 240, 480, and 960 g/L. After exposure, the larvae were kept for locomotion analysis within one week's depuration. Substantial data showed that the basal locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae was not significantly changed by both two GQDs at low concentrations while weakened greatly with the increase of concentrations, and the total ATP levels of zebrafish larvae were also found to decrease significantly when exposed to the highest concentrations of GQDs. Next, the thigmotactic effect was observed to be remarkably induced in larvae by both two GQDs at any concentrations during exposure, and remained strong in larvae treated by high concentrations of R-GQDs after 7 days' depuration. To be noted, we found that GQDs affected the synaptic plasticity via downregulating the mRNA levels of NMDA and AMPA receptor family members as well as the total glutamine levels in zebrafish larvae. Together, our study presented robust data underlying the locomotor abnormalities aroused by GQDs in zebrafish larvae and indicated the potential adverse effects of GQDs on synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Deng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Enming Zhang
- School of sports medicine and physical therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junyu Tao
- School of sports medicine and health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunyang Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenbo Huo
- Chongqing institute of green and intelligent technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Hao Guo
- School of sports medicine and physical therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bingxin Zheng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Mu
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kezhu Yuan
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuangen Deng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hai Shen
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haibo Rong
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Chongqing institute of green and intelligent technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wanping Bian
- Chongqing institute of green and intelligent technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing 400714, China
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6
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Pfrieger FW. The Niemann-Pick type diseases – A synopsis of inborn errors in sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101225. [PMID: 37003582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances of lipid homeostasis in cells provoke human diseases. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and the development of efficient therapies represent formidable challenges for biomedical research. Exemplary cases are two rare, autosomal recessive, and ultimately fatal lysosomal diseases historically named "Niemann-Pick" honoring the physicians, whose pioneering observations led to their discovery. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) are caused by specific variants of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) or NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (NPC2) genes that perturb homeostasis of two key membrane components, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, respectively. Patients with severe forms of these diseases present visceral and neurologic symptoms and succumb to premature death. This synopsis traces the tortuous discovery of the Niemann-Pick diseases, highlights important advances with respect to genetic culprits and cellular mechanisms, and exposes efforts to improve diagnosis and to explore new therapeutic approaches.
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7
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Miao Y, Wang S, Zhang B, Liu L. Carbon dot-based nanomaterials: a promising future nano-platform for targeting tumor-associated macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133238. [PMID: 37205099 PMCID: PMC10186348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the internal environment that tumors depend on for survival and development. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), as an important part of the tumor microenvironment, which plays a crucial role in the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of various malignant tumors and has immunosuppressant ability. With the development of immunotherapy, eradicating cancer cells by activating the innate immune system has yielded encouraging results, however only a minority of patients show a lasting response. Therefore, in vivo imaging of dynamic TAMs is crucial in patient-tailored immunotherapy to identify patients who will benefit from immunotherapy, monitor efficacy after treatment, and identify alternative strategies for non-responders. Meanwhile, developing nanomedicines based on TAMs-related antitumor mechanisms to effectively inhibit tumor growth is expected to become a promising research field. Carbon dots (CDs), as an emerging member of the carbon material family, exhibit unexpected superiority in fluorescence imaging/sensing, such as near infrared imaging, photostability, biocompatibility and low toxicity. Their characteristics naturally integrate therapy and diagnosis, and when CDs are combined with targeted chemical/genetic/photodynamic/photothermal therapeutic moieties, they are good candidates for targeting TAMs. We concentrate our discussion on the current learn of TAMs and describe recent examples of macrophage modulation based on carbon dot-associated nanoparticles, emphasizing the advantages of their multifunctional platform and their potential for TAMs theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lin Liu
- *Correspondence: Butian Zhang, ; Lin Liu,
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8
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Le N, Zhang M, Kim K. Quantum Dots and Their Interaction with Biological Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810763. [PMID: 36142693 PMCID: PMC9501347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots are nanocrystals with bright and tunable fluorescence. Due to their unique property, quantum dots are sought after for their potential in several applications in biomedical sciences as well as industrial use. However, concerns regarding QDs’ toxicity toward the environment and other biological systems have been rising rapidly in the past decade. In this mini-review, we summarize the most up-to-date details regarding quantum dots’ impacts, as well as QDs’ interaction with mammalian organisms, fungal organisms, and plants at the cellular, tissue, and organismal level. We also provide details about QDs’ cellular uptake and trafficking, and QDs’ general interactions with biological structures. In this mini-review, we aim to provide a better understanding of our current standing in the research of quantum dots, point out some knowledge gaps in the field, and provide hints for potential future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Le
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-417-836-5440; Fax: +1-417-836-5126
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Singh S, Raina D, Rishipathak D, Babu KR, Khurana R, Gupta Y, Garg K, Rehan F, Gupta SM. Quantum dots in the biomedical world: A smart advanced nanocarrier for multiple venues application. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200299. [PMID: 36058643 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting nanoparticles having different optical and electrical properties when compared to larger particles. They exhibit photoluminescence when irradiated with ultraviolet light, which is due to the transition of an excited electron from the valence band to the conductance band followed by the return of the exciting electron back into the valence band. The size and material of QDs can affect their optical and other properties too. The QDs possess special attributes like high brightness, protection from photobleaching, photostability, color tunability, low toxicity, low production cost, a multiplexing limit, and a high surface-to-volume proportion, which make them a promising tool for biomedical applications. Here, in this study, we summarize the utilization of QDs in different applications including bioimaging, diagnostics, immunostaining, single-cell analysis, drug delivery, and protein detection. Moreover, we discuss the advantages and challenges of using QDs in biomedical applications when compared with other conventional tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepika Raina
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic era hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dinesh Rishipathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MET's Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kamesh R Babu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Riya Khurana
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Gupta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PDM University, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India
| | - Kartik Garg
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PDM University, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India
| | - Farah Rehan
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shraddha M Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Applications of Various Types of Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132140. [PMID: 35807977 PMCID: PMC9268720 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) are recognized as one of the major health concerns globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), neurological disorders are one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. Neurological disorders include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson′s disease, Huntington′s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Frontotemporal dementia, Prion disease, Brain tumor, Spinal cord injury, and Stroke. These diseases are considered incurable diseases because no specific therapies are available to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reach the brain in a significant amount for the pharmacological effect in the brain. There is a need for the development of strategies that can improve the efficacy of drugs and circumvent BBB. One of the promising approaches is the use of different types of nano-scale materials. These nano-based drugs have the ability to increase the therapeutic effect, reduce toxicity, exhibit good stability, targeted delivery, and drug loading capacity. Different types and shapes of nanomaterials have been widely used for the treatment of neurological disorders, including quantum dots, dendrimers, metallic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, and micelles. These nanoparticles have unique characteristics, including sensitivity, selectivity, and the ability to cross the BBB when used in nano-sized particles, and are widely used for imaging studies and treatment of NDs. In this review, we briefly summarized the recent literature on the use of various nanomaterials and their mechanism of action for the treatment of various types of neurological disorders.
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11
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Rawal SU, Patel BM, Patel MM. New Drug Delivery Systems Developed for Brain Targeting. Drugs 2022; 82:749-792. [PMID: 35596879 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSF) are two of the most complex and sophisticated concierges that defend the central nervous system (CNS) by numerous mechanisms. While they maintain the neuro-ecological homeostasis through the regulated entry of essential biomolecules, their conservative nature challenges the entry of most of the drugs intended for CNS delivery. Targeted delivery challenges for a diverse spectrum of therapeutic agents/drugs (non-small molecules, small molecules, gene-based therapeutics, protein and peptides, antibodies) are diverse and demand specialized delivery and disease-targeting strategies. This review aims to capture the trends that have shaped the current brain targeting research scenario. This review discusses the physiological, neuropharmacological, and etiological factors that participate in the transportation of various drug delivery cargoes across the BBB/BCSF and influence their therapeutic intracranial concentrations. Recent research works spanning various invasive, minimally invasive, and non-invasive brain- targeting approaches are discussed. While the pre-clinical outcomes from many of these approaches seem promising, further research is warranted to overcome the translational glitches that prevent their clinical use. Non-invasive approaches like intranasal administration, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition, pro-drugs, and carrier/targeted nanocarrier-aided delivery systems (alone or often in combination) hold positive clinical prospects for brain targeting if explored further in the right direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti U Rawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Sarkhej-Sanand Circle Off. S.G. Road, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382210, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Mayur M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
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12
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Wang B, Song H, Qu X, Chang J, Yang B, Lu S. Carbon dots as a new class of nanomedicines: Opportunities and challenges. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Kim Y, Song J, Park SC, Ahn M, Park MJ, Song SH, Yoo SY, Hong SG, Hong BH. Photoinitiated Polymerization of Hydrogels by Graphene Quantum Dots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2169. [PMID: 34578487 PMCID: PMC8470854 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As a smart stimulus-responsive material, hydrogel has been investigated extensively in many research fields. However, its mechanical brittleness and low strength have mattered, and conventional photoinitiators used during the polymerization steps exhibit high toxicity, which limits the use of hydrogels in the field of biomedical applications. Here, we address the dual functions of graphene quantum dots (GQDs), one to trigger the synthesis of hydrogel as photoinitiators and the other to improve the mechanical strength of the as-synthesized hydrogel. GQDs embedded in the network effectively generated radicals when exposed to sunlight, leading to the initiation of polymerization, and also played a significant role in improving the mechanical strength of the crosslinked chains. Thus, we expect that the resulting hydrogel incorporated with GQDs would enable a wide range of applications that require biocompatibility as well as higher mechanical strength, including novel hydrogel contact lenses and bioscaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Kim
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.)
- Graphene Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Jaekwang Song
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.)
- Graphene Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Seong Chae Park
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Minchul Ahn
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.)
- Graphene Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Myung Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.)
- Graphene Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Sung Hyuk Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Si-Youl Yoo
- Interojo Inc., Pyeongtaek 17744, Korea; (S.-Y.Y.); (S.G.H.)
| | | | - Byung Hee Hong
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.)
- Graphene Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
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Liu J, Qin L, Tang M, Kang SZ, Li X. Bi-functional gold nanoparticles composites regulated by graphene quantum dots with various surface states. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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