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Gao X, Yang X, Lv J, Zhao L, Sui X, Zhang X, Xie Y, Tang Z. Induced Huge Optical Activity in Nanoplatelet Superlattice. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14697-14704. [PMID: 38753349 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Chiral superstructures with unique chiroptical properties that are not inherent in the individual units are essential in applications such as 3D displays, spintronic devices, biomedical sensors, and beyond. Generally, chiral superstructures are obtained by tedious procedures exploring various physical and chemical forces to break spatial symmetry during the self-assembly of discrete nanoparticles. In contrast, we herein present a simple and efficient approach to chiral superstructures by intercalating small chiral molecules into preformed achiral superstructures. As a model system, the chiral CdSe nanoplatelet (NPL) superlattice exhibits a giant and tunable optical activity with the highest g-factor reaching 3.09 × 10-2 to the excitonic transition of the NPL superlattice, nearly 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the corresponding separated chiral NPLs. The theoretical analysis reveals that the chiral deformation in the NPL superlattice induced by the chiral perturbation of the small chiral molecules is critical to the observed huge optical activity. We anticipate that this research lays a foundation for understanding and applying chiral inorganic nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Gao
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuekang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Lv
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Luyang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Sui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyu Xie
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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2
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Ou Z, Wang C, Tao ZG, Li Y, Li Z, Zeng Y, Li Y, Shi E, Chu W, Wang T, Xu H. Organic Ligand Engineering for Tailoring Electron-Phonon Coupling in 2D Hybrid Perovskites. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5975-5983. [PMID: 38726841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
In the emerging two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, the electronic structures and carrier behaviors are strongly impacted by intrinsic electron-phonon interactions, which have received inadequate attention. In this study, we report an intriguing phenomenon of negative carrier diffusion induced by electron-phonon coupling in (2T)2PbI4. Theoretical calculations reveal that the electron-phonon coupling drives the band alignment in (2T)2PbI4 to alternate between type I and type II heterostructures. As a consequence, photoexcited holes undergo transitions between the organic ligands and inorganic layers, resulting in abnormal carrier transport behavior compared to other two-dimensional hybrid perovskites. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of electron-phonon coupling in shaping the band alignments and carrier behaviors in two-dimensional hybrid perovskites. They also open up exciting avenues for designing and fabricating functional semiconductor heterostructures with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Ou
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Tao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Enzheng Shi
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Weibin Chu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ti Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China
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3
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Yu J, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Fang W, Liu B, Xing J. Intrinsic Self-Trapped Excitons in Graphitic Carbon Nitride. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4439-4446. [PMID: 38498723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C3N4) as low-cost, chemically stable, and ecofriendly layered semiconductors have attracted rapidly growing interest in optoelectronics and photocatalysis. However, the nature of photoexcited carriers in g-C3N4 is still controversial, and an independent charge-carrier picture based on the band theory is commonly adopted. Here, by performing transient spectroscopy studies, we show characteristics of self-trapped excitons (STEs) in g-C3N4 nanosheets including broad trapped exciton-induced absorption, picosecond exciton trapping without saturation at high photoexcitation density, and transient STE-induced stimulated emissions. These features, together with the ultrafast exciton trapping polarization memory, strongly suggest that STEs intrinsically define the nature of the photoexcited states in g-C3N4. These observations provide new insights into the fundamental photophysics of carbon nitrides, which may enlighten novel designs to boost energy conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Yu
- LUMINOUS! Centre of Excellence for Semiconductor Lighting and Displays, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
| | - Yunhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 266042 Qingdao, China
| | - Yubu Zhou
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenhui Fang
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Baiquan Liu
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 266042 Qingdao, China
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4
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Hu J, Wen X, Yang D, Chen Y, Liu Z, Li D. Lead-Free Chiral Perovskite for High Degree of Circularly Polarized Light Emission and Spin Injection. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1001-1008. [PMID: 38198561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
We report a zero-dimensional (0D) lead-free chiral perovskite (S-/R-MBA)4Bi2I10 with a high degree of circularly polarized light (CPL) emission. Our 0D lead-free chiral perovskite exhibits an average degree of circular polarization (DOCP) of 19.8% at 78 K under linearly polarized laser excitation, and the maximum DOCP can reach 25.8%, which is 40 times higher than the highest DOCP of 0.5% in all reported lead-free chiral perovskites to the best of our knowledge. The high DOCP of (S-/R-MBA)4Bi2I10 is attributed to the free exciton emission with a Huang-Rhys factor of 2.8. In contrast, all the lead-free chiral perovskites in prior reports are dominant by self-trapped exciton in which the spin relaxation reduces DOCP dramatically. Moreover, we realize the manipulation of the valley degree of freedom of monolayer WSe2 by using the spin injection of the 0D chiral lead-free perovskites. Our results provide a new perspective to develop lead-free chiral perovskite devices for CPL light source, spintronics, and valleytronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Hu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinglin Wen
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dong Yang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zeyi Liu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dehui Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Yang D, Zhao L, Cheng J, Chen M, Liu H, Wang J, Han C, Sun Y. Unveiling sub-bandgap energy-level structures on machined optical surfaces based on weak photo-luminescence. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18250-18264. [PMID: 37800341 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03488g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Sub-bandgap defect energy levels (SDELs) introduced by the point defects located in surface defect areas are considered the main factors in decreasing laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDTs). The suppression of SDELs could greatly increase LIDTs. However, no available method could detect SDELs, limiting the characterization and suppression of SDELs. Herein, a self-designed photo-luminescence detection system is developed to explore the weak transient-steady photo-luminescence properties of machined surfaces. Based on the excitation laser wavelength dependence of photo-luminescence properties, a sub-bandgap energy-level structure (SELS) containing SDELs is unveiled for the first time. Based on the developed mathematical model for predicting LIDTs, the feasibility of the detection method was verified. In summary, this work provides a novel approach to characterize SDELs on machined surfaces. This work could construct electronic structures and explore the transition behaviors of electrons, which is vital to laser-induced damage. Besides, this work could predict the LIDTs of the machined surfaces based on their PL properties, which provides convenience for evaluating the LIDTs of various optical elements in industrial production. Moreover, this work provides a convenient method for raising the LIDTs of various optical elements through monitoring and suppressing the SDELs on machined surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinghuai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Linjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Jian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Mingjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Henan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Jinghe Wang
- Center for Precision Engineering, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chengshun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yazhou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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Fu J, Ramesh S, Melvin Lim JW, Sum TC. Carriers, Quasi-particles, and Collective Excitations in Halide Perovskites. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37276018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites (HPs) are potential game-changing materials for a broad spectrum of optoelectronic applications ranging from photovoltaics, light-emitting devices, lasers to radiation detectors, ferroelectrics, thermoelectrics, etc. Underpinning this spectacular expansion is their fascinating photophysics involving a complex interplay of carrier, lattice, and quasi-particle interactions spanning several temporal orders that give rise to their remarkable optical and electronic properties. Herein, we critically examine and distill their dynamical behavior, collective interactions, and underlying mechanisms in conjunction with the experimental approaches. This review aims to provide a unified photophysical picture fundamental to understanding the outstanding light-harvesting and light-emitting properties of HPs. The hotbed of carrier and quasi-particle interactions uncovered in HPs underscores the critical role of ultrafast spectroscopy and fundamental photophysics studies in advancing perovskite optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Fu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Sankaran Ramesh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Jia Wei Melvin Lim
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Tze Chien Sum
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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Diroll BT, Guzelturk B, Po H, Dabard C, Fu N, Makke L, Lhuillier E, Ithurria S. 2D II-VI Semiconductor Nanoplatelets: From Material Synthesis to Optoelectronic Integration. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3543-3624. [PMID: 36724544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of colloidal synthesis of semiconductors emerged 40 years ago and has reached a certain level of maturity thanks to the use of nanocrystals as phosphors in commercial displays. In particular, II-VI semiconductors based on cadmium, zinc, or mercury chalcogenides can now be synthesized with tailored shapes, composition by alloying, and even as nanocrystal heterostructures. Fifteen years ago, II-VI semiconductor nanoplatelets injected new ideas into this field. Indeed, despite the emergence of other promising semiconductors such as halide perovskites or 2D transition metal dichalcogenides, colloidal II-VI semiconductor nanoplatelets remain among the narrowest room-temperature emitters that can be synthesized over a wide spectral range, and they exhibit good material stability over time. Such nanoplatelets are scientifically and technologically interesting because they exhibit optical features and production advantages at the intersection of those expected from colloidal quantum dots and epitaxial quantum wells. In organic solvents, gram-scale syntheses can produce nanoparticles with the same thicknesses and optical properties without inhomogeneous broadening. In such nanoplatelets, quantum confinement is limited to one dimension, defined at the atomic scale, which allows them to be treated as quantum wells. In this review, we discuss the synthetic developments, spectroscopic properties, and applications of such nanoplatelets. Covering growth mechanisms, we explain how a thorough understanding of nanoplatelet growth has enabled the development of nanoplatelets and heterostructured nanoplatelets with multiple emission colors, spatially localized excitations, narrow emission, and high quantum yields over a wide spectral range. Moreover, nanoplatelets, with their large lateral extension and their thin short axis and low dielectric surroundings, can support one or several electron-hole pairs with large exciton binding energies. Thus, we also discuss how the relaxation processes and lifetime of the carriers and excitons are modified in nanoplatelets compared to both spherical quantum dots and epitaxial quantum wells. Finally, we explore how nanoplatelets, with their strong and narrow emission, can be considered as ideal candidates for pure-color light emitting diodes (LEDs), strong gain media for lasers, or for use in luminescent light concentrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Diroll
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Burak Guzelturk
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Hong Po
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France
| | - Corentin Dabard
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ningyuan Fu
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lina Makke
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Lhuillier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Ithurria
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France
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8
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Tan J, Li D, Zhu J, Han N, Gong Y, Zhang Y. Self-trapped excitons in soft semiconductors. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16394-16414. [PMID: 36317508 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03935d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Self-trapped excitons (STEs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their intriguing properties and potential optoelectronic applications. STEs are formed from the lattice distortion induced by the strong electron (exciton)-phonon coupling in soft semiconductors upon photoexcitation, which features in broadband photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra with a large Stokes shift. Recently, significant progress has been achieved in this field but many remain challenges that need to be solved, including the understanding of the underlying physical mechanism, tuning of the performance, and device applications. Along these lines, for the first time, systematic experimental characterizations and advanced theoretical calculations are presented in this review to shed light on the physical mechanism. The possibility of tuning the STEs through multiple degrees of freedom is also presented, along with an overview of the STE-based emerged applications and future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Tan
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China.
| | - Delong Li
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China.
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China.
| | - Na Han
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China.
| | - Youning Gong
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China.
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China.
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Si Z, Liu Z, Hu Y, Wang X, Xu C, Zheng S, Dong X, Gao X, Chen J, Wang J, Xu K. Yellow-Green Luminescence Due to Polarity-Dependent Incorporation of Carbon Impurities in Self-Assembled GaN Microdisk. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8670-8678. [PMID: 36256439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Yellow-green luminescence (YGL) competes with near-bandgap emission (NBE) for carrier recombination channels, thereby reducing device efficiency; yet uncovering the origin of YGL remains a major challenge. In this paper, nearly stress-free and low dislocation density self-assembled GaN microdisks were synthesized by Na-flux method. The YGL of GaN microdisks highly depend on their polar facets. Variable accelerating voltage/power CL, variable temperature PL, and Raman spectroscopy are further performed to clarify the origin of polarity dependence of GaN microdisk YGL behavior, which indicates its independence of dislocations, surface effects, stress, crystalline quality, and gallium vacancies. It was found that the incorporation ability of carbon impurities in the polar (0001) facet is greater than that in the semipolar (101̅1) facets, producing higher content of CN or CNON defects, resulting in a more pronounced YGL in the polar (0001) facet of GaN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Si
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Jiangsu Institute of Advanced Semiconductors, NW-20, Nanopolis Suzhou, 99 Jinji Lake Avenue, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongliang Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Jiangsu Institute of Advanced Semiconductors, NW-20, Nanopolis Suzhou, 99 Jinji Lake Avenue, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaoqiao Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shunan Zheng
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Dong
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Gao
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- Suzhou Nanowin Science and Technology Co, Ltd., Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Jiangsu Institute of Advanced Semiconductors, NW-20, Nanopolis Suzhou, 99 Jinji Lake Avenue, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- Suzhou Nanowin Science and Technology Co, Ltd., Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Jiangsu Institute of Advanced Semiconductors, NW-20, Nanopolis Suzhou, 99 Jinji Lake Avenue, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
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