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Kim C, Hong J, Jang J, Lee GY, Kim Y, Jeong Y, Lee B. Freeform metasurface color router for deep submicron pixel image sensors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn9000. [PMID: 38809981 PMCID: PMC11135393 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn9000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Advances in imaging technologies have led to a high demand for ultracompact, high-resolution image sensors. However, color filter-based image sensors, now miniaturized to deep submicron pixel sizes, face challenges such as low signal-to-noise ratio due to fewer photons per pixel and inherent efficiency limitations from color filter arrays. Here, we demonstrate a freeform metasurface color router that achieves ultracompact pixel sizes while overcoming the efficiency limitations of conventional architectures by splitting and focusing visible light instead of filtering. This development is enabled by a fully differentiable topology optimization framework to maximize the use of the design space while ensuring fabrication feasibility and robustness to fabrication errors. The metasurface can distribute an average of 85% of incident visible light according to the Bayer pattern with a pixel size of 0.6 μm. The device and design methodology enable the compact, high-sensitivity, and high-resolution image sensors for various modern technologies and pave the way for the advanced photonic device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyun Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Jang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Yeal Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonchan Jeong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungho Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Lu B, Fu Y, Zhang T, Jin Z, Zang X, Zhu Y. Terahertz metalens for generating multi-polarized focal points and images with uniform intensity distributions. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2241-2244. [PMID: 38691689 DOI: 10.1364/ol.519605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have provided a flexible platform for designing ultracompact metalenses with unusual functionalities. However, traditional multi-foci metalenses are limited to generating circularly polarized (CP) or linearly polarized (LP) focal points, and the intensity distributions are always inhomogeneous/chaotical between the multiple focal points. Here, an inverse design approach is proposed to optimize the in-plane orientation of each meta-atom in a terahertz (THz) multi-foci metalens that can generate multi-polarized focal points with nearly uniform intensity distributions. As a proof-of-principle example, we numerically and experimentally demonstrate an inversely designed metalens for simultaneously generating multiple CP- and LP-based focal points with homogeneous intensity distributions, leading to a multi-polarized image (rather than the holography). Furthermore, the multi-channel and multi-polarized images consisting of multiple focal points with homogeneous intensity distributions are also numerically demonstrated. The unique approach for inversely designing multi-foci metalens that can generate multi-polarized focal points and images with uniform intensity distributions will enable potential applications in imaging and sensing.
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Deng Z, Li Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Li W, Zhu Z, Guan C, Shi J. Diverse ranking metamaterial inverse design based on contrastive and transfer learning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:32865-32874. [PMID: 37859079 DOI: 10.1364/oe.502006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials, thoughtfully designed, have demonstrated remarkable success in the manipulation of electromagnetic waves. More recently, deep learning can advance the performance in the field of metamaterial inverse design. However, existing inverse design methods based on deep learning often overlook potential trade-offs of optimal design and outcome diversity. To address this issue, in this work we introduce contrastive learning to implement a simple but effective global ranking inverse design framework. Viewing inverse design as spectrum-guided ranking of the candidate structures, our method creates a resemblance relationship of the optical response and metamaterials, enabling the prediction of diverse structures of metamaterials based on the global ranking. Furthermore, we have combined transfer learning to enrich our framework, not limited in prediction of single metamaterial representation. Our work can offer inverse design evaluation and diverse outcomes. The proposed method may shrink the gap between flexibility and accuracy of on-demand design.
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Lan F, Wang L, Zeng H, Liang S, Song T, Liu W, Mazumder P, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Mittleman DM. Real-time programmable metasurface for terahertz multifunctional wave front engineering. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:191. [PMID: 37550383 PMCID: PMC10406829 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01228-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) technologies have become a focus of research in recent years due to their prominent role in envisioned future communication and sensing systems. One of the key challenges facing the field is the need for tools to enable agile engineering of THz wave fronts. Here, we describe a reconfigurable metasurface based on GaN technology with an array-of-subarrays architecture. This subwavelength-spaced array, under the control of a 1-bit digital coding sequence, can switch between an enormous range of possible configurations, providing facile access to nearly arbitrary wave front control for signals near 0.34 THz. We demonstrate wide-angle beam scanning with 1° of angular precision over 70 GHz of bandwidth, as well as the generation of multi-beam and diffuse wave fronts, with a switching speed up to 100 MHz. This device, offering the ability to rapidly reconfigure a propagating wave front for beam-forming or diffusively scattered wide-angle coverage of a scene, will open new realms of possibilities in sensing, imaging, and networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lan
- Sichuan THz Communication Technology Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313000, China
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Luyang Wang
- Sichuan THz Communication Technology Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Hongxin Zeng
- Sichuan THz Communication Technology Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Shixiong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits, Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Tianyang Song
- Sichuan THz Communication Technology Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Pinaki Mazumder
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ziqiang Yang
- Sichuan THz Communication Technology Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313000, China
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Sichuan THz Communication Technology Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313000, China.
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, 201204, China.
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Tsai WC, Hong YH, Kuo HC, Huang YW. Design of high-efficiency and large-angle homo-metagratings for light source integration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:24404-24411. [PMID: 37475268 DOI: 10.1364/oe.496042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Meta-optics integrated with light sources has gained significant attention. However, most focused on the efficiency of metasurfaces themselves, rather than the efficiency of integration. To design highly efficient beam deflection, we develop a scheme of homo-metagrating, involving the same material for meta-atoms, substrate, and top layer of the laser, to achieve near-unity power from light-emitting to metasurfaces. We utilize three degrees of freedom: overall add-on phase, parameters of meta-atoms in a period, and lattice arrangement. The overall efficiency of homo-metagratings is higher than that of hetero-metagratings. We believe our approach is capable of being implemented in various ultracompact optic systems.
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Liao J, Ji C, Yuan L, Huang C, Wang Y, Peng J, Luo X. Polarization-Insensitive Metasurface Cloak for Dynamic Illusions with an Electromagnetic Transparent Window. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16953-16962. [PMID: 36867759 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Artificial camouflage has garnered long-standing interest in both academia and industry. The metasurface-based cloak has attracted much attention due to the powerful capability of manipulating the electromagnetic wave, convenient multifunctional integration design, and easy fabrication. However, existing metasurface-based cloaks tend to be passive and of single function and monopolarization, which cannot meet the requirement of applications in ever-changing environments. So far, it is still challenging to realize a reconfigurable full-polarization metasurface cloak with multifunctional integration. Herein, we proposed an innovative metasurface cloak, which can simultaneously realize dynamic illusion effects at lower frequencies (e.g., 4.35 GHz) and specific microwave transparency at higher frequencies (e.g., X band) for communication with the outside environment. These electromagnetic functionalities are demonstrated by both numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The simulation and measurement results agree well with each other, indicating that our metasurface cloak can generate various electromagnetic illusions for full polarizations as well as a polarization-insensitive transparent window for the signal transmission to enable the communication between the cloaked device and the outside environment. It is believed that our design can offer powerful camouflage tactics to address the stealth problem in ever-changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Liming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuetang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Jinqiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Xiangang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Sabri R, Mosallaei H. Inverse design of perimeter-controlled InAs-assisted metasurface for two-dimensional dynamic beam steering. NANOPHOTONICS 2022; 11:4515-4530. [PMID: 36213387 PMCID: PMC9507428 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current commercially viable light detection and ranging systems demand continuous, full-scene, and dynamic two-dimensional point scanning, while featuring large aperture size to ensure long distance operation. However, the biasing architecture of large-area arrays with numerous individually controlled tunable elements is substantially complicated. Herein, inverse design of a perimeter-controlled active metasurface for two-dimensional dynamic beam steering at mid-infrared regime is theoretically presented. The perimeter-control approach simplifies biasing architecture by allowing column-row addressing of the elements. The metasurface consists of a periodic array of plasmonic patch nanoantennas in a metal-insulator-metal configuration, wherein two active layers of indium arsenide are incorporated into its building block. The metasurface profile facilitates wide phase modulation of ≈ 355 ° on the reflected light at the individual element level through applying independent voltages to its respective columns and rows. The multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) for optimizing user-defined metrics toward shaping desired far-zone radiation pattern is implemented. It is demonstrated that multi-objective GA yields better results for directivity and spatial resolution of perimeter-controlled metasurface by identifying the design tradeoffs inherent to the system, compared to the single-objective optimizer. A high directivity and continuous beam scanning with full and wide field-of-view along the azimuth and elevation angles are respectively maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raana Sabri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Hossein Mosallaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, USA
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Abstract
Recent years have witnessed promising artificial intelligence (AI) applications in many disciplines, including optics, engineering, medicine, economics, and education. In particular, the synergy of AI and meta-optics has greatly benefited both fields. Meta-optics are advanced flat optics with novel functions and light-manipulation abilities. The optical properties can be engineered with a unique design to meet various optical demands. This review offers comprehensive coverage of meta-optics and artificial intelligence in synergy. After providing an overview of AI and meta-optics, we categorize and discuss the recent developments integrated by these two topics, namely AI for meta-optics and meta-optics for AI. The former describes how to apply AI to the research of meta-optics for design, simulation, optical information analysis, and application. The latter reports the development of the optical Al system and computation via meta-optics. This review will also provide an in-depth discussion of the challenges of this interdisciplinary field and indicate future directions. We expect that this review will inspire researchers in these fields and benefit the next generation of intelligent optical device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Ku Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077.,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077.,The State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077
| | - Xiaoyuan Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077
| | - Yanni Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077.,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077.,The State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077
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Wang Y, Yuan Y, Yang G, Ding X, Wu Q, Jiang Y, Burokur SN, Zhang K. Perfect Control of Diffraction Patterns with Phase-Gradient Metasurfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16856-16865. [PMID: 35357813 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phase-gradient metasurfaces (PGMs) constitute an efficient platform for deflection of a beam in a desired direction. According to the generalized Snell's law, the direction of the reflected/refracted wave can be tuned by the spatial phase function provided by the PGMs. However, most studies on PGM focus only on a single diffraction order, that is, the incident wave can be reflected or refracted to a single target direction. Even in the case of multiple beams pointing in different directions, the beams are still in the same order mode, and the energy carried by different beams cannot be controlled. In addition, the energy ratio of multiple beams is generally uncontrollable. Here, we propose a general method to perfectly control diffraction patterns based on a multi-beam PGM. An analytical solution for arbitrarily controlling diffraction beams is derived through which the generation and energy distribution in high-order diffraction beams can be achieved. Three metasurfaces with different diffraction orders and energy ratios are designed and fabricated to demonstrate the proposed method. The efficiencies of diffraction for the desired channels are close to 100%. The simulated and measured far-field patterns are in good agreement with theoretical predictions, validating the proposed method that provides a new way to design multi-beam antennas and that has significance in wireless communication applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yueyi Yuan
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Guohui Yang
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xumin Ding
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150080 Harbin, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yannan Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Wideband Communication & Signal Processing, Guilin 541004, China
| | | | - Kuang Zhang
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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