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Feng Y, Lu S, Fu L, Yang F, Feng L. Alleviating the competitive adsorption of hydrogen and hydroxyl intermediates on Ru by d-p orbital hybridization for hydrogen electrooxidation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2123-2132. [PMID: 38332840 PMCID: PMC10848706 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05387c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Strengthening the hydroxyl binding energy (OHBE) on Ru surfaces for efficient hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline electrolytes at the expense of narrowing the effective potential window (EPW) increases the risk of passivation under transient conditions for the alkaline exchange membrane fuel cell technique. Herein, an effective Ru/NiSe2 catalyst was reported which exhibits a gradually enhanced intrinsic activity and slightly enlarged EPW with the increased degree of coupling between Ru and NiSe2. This promotion could be attributed to the optimized electron distribution and d-band structures of Ru surfaces weakening the hydrogen binding energy and especially the OHBE through the strong d-p orbital hybridization between Ru and NiSe2. Unlike the conventional way of strengthened OHBE enhancing the oxidative desorption of hydrogen intermediates (Had) via the bi-functional mechanism, the weakened OHBE on this Ru/NiSe2 model catalyst alleviates the competitive adsorption between Had and the hydroxyl intermediates (OHad), thereby accelerating the HOR kinetics at low overpotentials and hindering the full poisoning of the catalytic surfaces by strongly adsorbed OHad spectators at high overpotentials. The work reveals a missed but important approach for Ru-based catalyst development for the fuel cell technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkai Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002 China
| | - Siguang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002 China
| | - Luhong Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
| | - Fulin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002 China
| | - Ligang Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002 China
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2
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Liu S, Wang Y, Jiang T, Jin S, Sajid M, Zhang Z, Xu J, Fan Y, Wang X, Chen J, Liu Z, Zheng X, Zhang K, Nian Q, Zhu Z, Peng Q, Ahmad T, Li K, Chen W. Non-Noble Metal High-Entropy Alloy-Based Catalytic Electrode for Long-Life Hydrogen Gas Batteries. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4229-4240. [PMID: 38277276 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of efficient, stable, and low-cost bifunctional catalysts for the hydrogen evolution/oxidation reaction (HER/HOR) is critical to promote the application of hydrogen gas batteries in large scale energy storage systems. Here we demonstrate a non-noble metal high-entropy alloy grown on Cu foam (NNM-HEA@CF) as a self-supported catalytic electrode for nickel-hydrogen gas (Ni-H2) batteries. Experimental and theoretical calculation results reveal that the NNM-HEA catalyst greatly facilitates the HER/HOR catalytic process through the optimized electronic structures of the active sites. The assembled Ni-H2 battery with NNM-HEA@CF as the anode shows excellent rate capability and exceptional cycling performance of over 1800 h without capacity decay at an areal capacity of 15 mAh cm-2. Furthermore, a scaled-up Ni-H2 battery fabricated with an extended capacity of 0.45 Ah exhibits a high cell-level energy density of ∼109.3 Wh kg-1. Moreover, its estimated cost reaches as low as ∼107.8 $ kWh-1 based on all key components of electrodes, separator and electrolyte, which is reduced by more than 6 times compared to that of the commercial Pt/C-based Ni-H2 battery. This work provides an approach to develop high-efficiency non-noble metal-based bifunctional catalysts for hydrogen batteries in large-scale energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Taoli Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zuodong Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yanpeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinghao Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zaichun Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xinhua Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qingshun Nian
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhengxin Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qia Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Touqeer Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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3
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Mu X, Zhang X, Chen Z, Gao Y, Yu M, Chen D, Pan H, Liu S, Wang D, Mu S. Constructing Symmetry-Mismatched Ru xFe 3-xO 4 Heterointerface-Supported Ru Clusters for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution and Oxidation Reactions. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1015-1023. [PMID: 38215497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Ru-related catalysts have shown excellent performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR); however, a deep understanding of Ru-active sites on a nanoscale heterogeneous support for hydrogen catalysis is still lacking. Herein, a click chemistry strategy is proposed to design Ru cluster-decorated nanometer RuxFe3-xO4 heterointerfaces (Ru/RuxFe3-xO4) as highly effective bifunctional hydrogen catalysts. It is found that introducing Ru into nanometric Fe3O4 species breaks the symmetry configuration and optimizes the active site in Ru/RuxFe3-xO4 for HER and HOR. As expected, the catalyst displays prominent alkaline HER and HOR performance with mass activity much higher than that of commercial Pt/C as well as robust stability during catalysis because of the strong interaction between the Ru cluster and the RuxFe3-xO4 support, and the optimized adsorption intermediate (Had and OHad). This work sheds light on a promsing approach to improving the electrocatalysis performance of catalysts by the breaking of atomic dimension symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xingyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Ziyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Ding Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haozhe Pan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Suli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shichun Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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4
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Yang Y, Jia H, Su S, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Li J, Ruan Q, Zhang CY. A Pd-based plasmonic photocatalyst for nitrogen fixation through an antenna-reactor mechanism. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10953-10961. [PMID: 37829007 PMCID: PMC10566465 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02862c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic metal nanocrystals (e.g., Au, Ag, and Cu) hold great promise for driving photocatalytic reactions, but little is known about the plasmonic properties of Pd nanocrystals. Herein, we constructed a plasmonic Pd/Ru antenna-reactor photocatalyst through the controllable growth of a Ru nanoarray 'reactor' on a Pd nano-octahedron 'antenna' and demonstrated a plasmonic Pd-driven N2 photofixation process. The plasmonic properties of Pd nano-octahedrons were verified using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and refractive index sensitivity tests in water-glycerol mixtures. Notably, the constructed plasmonic antenna-reactor nanostructures exhibited superior photocatalytic activities during N2 photofixation, with a maximum ammonia production rate of 117.5 ± 15.0 μmol g-1 h-1 under visible and near-infrared (NIR) light illumination. The mechanism can be attributed to the ability of the plasmonic Pd nanoantennas to harvest light to generate abundant hot electrons and the Ru nanoreactors to provide active sites for adsorption and activation of N2. This work paves the way for the development of Pd-based plasmonic photocatalysts for efficient N2 photofixation and sheds new light on the optimal design and construction of antenna-reactor nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Henglei Jia
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Sihua Su
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information Systems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yidi Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Mengxuan Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Jingzhao Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information Systems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
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5
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Du M, Zhang Y, Kang S, Xu C, Ma Y, Cai L, Zhu Y, Chai Y, Qiu B. Electrochemical Production of Glycolate Fuelled By Polyethylene Terephthalate Plastics with Improved Techno-Economics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303693. [PMID: 37231558 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical valorization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste streams into commodity chemicals offers a potentially sustainable route for creating a circular plastic economy. However, PET wastes upcycling into valuable C2 product remains a huge challenge by the lack of an electrocatalyst that can steer the oxidation economically and selectively. Here, it is reported a catalyst comprising Pt nanoparticles hybridized with γ-NiOOH nanosheets supported on Ni foam (Pt/γ-NiOOH/NF) that favors electrochemical transformation of real-word PET hydrolysate into glycolate with high Faradaic efficiency (> 90%) and selectivity (> 90%) across wide reactant (ethylene glycol, EG) concentration ranges under a marginal applied voltage of 0.55 V, which can be paired with cathodic hydrogen production. Computational studies combined with experimental characterizations elucidate that the Pt/γ-NiOOH interface with substantial charge accumulation gives rise to an optimized adsorption energy of EG and a decreased energy barrier of potential determining step. A techno-economic analysis demonstrates that, with the nearly same amount of resource investment, the electroreforming strategy towards glycolate production can raise revenue by up to 2.2 times relative to conventional chemical process. This work may thus serve as a framework for PET wastes valorization process with net-zero carbon footprint and high economic viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Sailei Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yingxin Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lejuan Cai
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Guangdong, 523000, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yang Chai
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Bocheng Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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6
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Jiang T, Liu Z, Yuan Y, Zheng X, Park S, Wei S, Li L, Ma Y, Liu S, Chen J, Zhu Z, Meng Y, Li K, Sun J, Peng Q, Chen W. Ultrafast Electrical Pulse Synthesis of Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Beyond-Industrial-Level Hydrogen Gas Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300502. [PMID: 37249173 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The high reliability and proven ultra-longevity make aqueous hydrogen gas (H2 ) batteries ideal for large-scale energy storage. However, the low alkaline hydrogen evolution and oxidation reaction (HER/HOR) activities of expensive platinum catalysts severely hamper their widespread applications in H2 batteries. Here, cost-effective, highly active electrocatalysts, with a model of ruthenium-nickel alloy nanoparticles in ≈3 nm anchored on carbon black (RuNi/C) as an example, are developed by an ultrafast electrical pulse approach for nickel-hydrogen gas (NiH2 ) batteries. Having a competitive low cost of about one fifth of Pt/C benckmark, this ultrafine RuNi/C catalyst displays an ultrahigh HOR mass activity of 2.34 A mg-1 at 50 mV (vs RHE) and an ultralow HER overpotential of 19.5 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 . As a result, the advanced NiH2 battery can efficiently operate under all-climate conditions (from -25 to +50 °C) with excellent durability. Notably, the NiH2 cell stack achieves an energy density up to 183 Wh kg-1 and an estimated cost of ≈49 $ kWh-1 under an ultrahigh cathode Ni(OH)2 loading of 280 mg cm-2 and a low anode Ru loading of ≈62.5 µg cm-2 . The advanced beyond-industrial-level hydrogen gas batteries provide great opportunities for practical grid-scale energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoli Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zaichun Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xinhua Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Sunhyeong Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shuyang Wei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Linxiang Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yirui Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jinghao Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhengxin Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yahan Meng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jifei Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Qia Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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7
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Jiang T, Wei S, Li L, Zheng K, Zheng X, Park S, Liu S, Zhu Z, Liu Z, Meng Y, Peng Q, Feng Y, Chen W. Solid-Liquid-Gas Management for Low-Cost Hydrogen Gas Batteries. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7821-7829. [PMID: 37021972 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous nickel-hydrogen gas (Ni-H2) batteries with excellent durability (>10,000 cycles) are important candidates for grid-scale energy storage but are hampered by the high-cost Pt electrode with limited performance. Herein, we report a low-cost nickel-molybdenum (NiMo) alloy as an efficient bifunctional hydrogen evolution and oxidation reaction (HER/HOR) catalyst for Ni-H2 batteries in alkaline electrolytes. The NiMo alloy demonstrates a high HOR mass-specific kinetic current of 28.8 mA mg-1 at 50 mV as well as a low HER overpotential of 45 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, which is better than most nonprecious metal catalysts. Furthermore, we apply a solid-liquid-gas management strategy to constitute a conductive, hydrophobic network of NiMo using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (NiMo-hydrophobic MWCNT) in the electrode to accelerate HER/HOR activities for much improved Ni-H2 battery performance. As a result, Ni-H2 cells based on the NiMo-hydrophobic MWCNT electrode show a high energy density of 118 Wh kg-1 and a low cost of only 67.5 $ kWh-1. With the low cost, high energy density, excellent durability, and improved energy efficiency, the Ni-H2 cells show great potential for practical grid-scale energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoli Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shuyang Wei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Linxiang Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xinhua Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Sunhyeong Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengxin Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zaichun Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yahan Meng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qia Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yuancheng Feng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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8
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Shen C, Li K, Ma Y, Liu S, Wang X, Xu J, Wang M, Meng Y, Chen N, Chen W. Electrochemical reduction of CO2 via a CuO/SnO2 heterojunction catalyst. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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9
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Liu S, Fan Y, Wang Y, Jin S, Hou M, Zeng W, Li K, Jiang T, Qin L, Yan Z, Tao Z, Zheng X, Shen C, Liu Z, Ahmad T, Zhang K, Chen W. Surface-Oxygen-Rich Bi@C Nanoparticles for High-Efficiency Electroreduction of CO 2 to Formate. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9107-9114. [PMID: 36317840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising strategy to alleviate excessive CO2 levels in the atmosphere and produce value-added feedstocks and fuels. However, the synthesis of high-efficiency and robust electrocatalysts remains a great challenge. This work reports the green preparation of surface-oxygen-rich carbon-nanorod-supported bismuth nanoparticles (SOR Bi@C NPs) for an efficient CO2RR toward formate. The resultant SOR Bi@C NPs catalyst displays a Faradaic efficiency of more than 91% for formate generation over a wide potential range of 440 mV. Ex situ XPS and XANES and in situ Raman spectroscopy demonstrate that the Bi-O/Bi (110) structure in the pristine SOR Bi@C NPs can remain stable during the CO2RR process. DFT calculations reveal that the Bi-O/Bi (110) structure can facilitate the formation of the *OCHO intermediate. This work provides an approach to the development of high-efficiency Bi-based catalysts for the CO2RR and offers a unique insight into the exploration of advanced electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanpeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Machuan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Taoli Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Qin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanliang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyue Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaichun Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Touqeer Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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10
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Sun C, Qin J, Li M, Han G, Song Y. Ultrafine IrRu Nanoparticles toward Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Media. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17362-17369. [PMID: 36264684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are capable of mass-producing green hydrogen with renewable and wave-trough electricity, but confront the challenge of the lack of advanced electrocatalysts to accelerate sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we report the synthesis of ultrafine IrRu alloy nanoparticles (1.6 ± 0.3 nm) by coprecipitation of IrCl3, RuCl3, and HCOONa in water to allow Ir3+ and Ru3+ to be well dispersed and enclosed in the matrix of crystalline HCOONa, followed by heat treatment of HCOONa to reduce Ir3+ and Ru3+. Remarkably, the overpotential of IrRu toward acidic OER at 10 mA cm-2 is merely 230 and 194 mV at 51 and 204 μgIrRu cm-2, respectively. The high electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of 577.1 m2 g-1 and high specific activity (SA) of 22.7 μA cm-2 at 1.45 V vs RHE would contribute to the exceptional OER activity. In addition, the electron transfer from Ir to Ru in IrRu should significantly boost the OER activity according to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). IrRu also shows an excellent stability during 10 h of a chronopotentiometry (CP) test at 10 mA cm-2. Eventually, the high OER activity of IrRu was verified in a PEMWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujiang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian116024, People's Republic of China
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11
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Liu Z, Yang J, Wang F, Yuan Y, Jiang T, Zhu Z, Li K, Liu S, Zhang K, Wang W, Chuai M, Sun J, Wu Y, Chen W. Descriptor-Driven Computational Design of Bifunctional Double-Atom Hydrogen Evolution and Oxidation Reaction Electrocatalysts for Rechargeable Hydrogen Gas Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7860-7866. [PMID: 36166748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable hydrogen gas batteries (RHGBs) have been attracting much attention as promising all-climate large-scale energy storage devices, which calls for low-cost and high-activity hydrogen evolution/oxidation reaction (HER/HOR) bifunctional electrocatalysts to replace the costly platinum-based catalysts. Based on density functional theory (DFT) computations, herein we report an effective descriptor-driven design principle to govern the HER/HOR electrocatalytic activity of double-atom catalysts (DACs) for RHGBs. We systematically investigate the d-band center variation of DACs and their correlations with HER/HOR free energies. We construct activity maps with the d-band center of DACs as a descriptor, which demonstrate that high HER/HOR electrocatalytic activity can be achieved with an appropriate d-band center of DACs. This work not only broadens the applicability of d-band center theory to the prediction of bifunctional HER/HOR electrocatalysts but also paves the way to fast screening and design of efficient and low-cost DACs to promote practical applications of RHGBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaichun Liu
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Faxing Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Taoli Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengxin Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Mingyan Chuai
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jifei Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yuping Wu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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12
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Ai L, Chen M, Luo Y, Tian Y, Wang X, Wei W, Jiang J. One-pot corrosive synthesis of Ru-Fe3O4 heterostructure: A localized photothermal electrocatalyst towards accelerated water splitting. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Zhu Z, Jiang T, Ali M, Meng Y, Jin Y, Cui Y, Chen W. Rechargeable Batteries for Grid Scale Energy Storage. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16610-16751. [PMID: 36150378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever-increasing global energy consumption has driven the development of renewable energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) with high electrochemical performance are critical for enabling renewable yet intermittent sources of energy such as solar and wind. In recent years, numerous new battery technologies have been achieved and showed great potential for grid scale energy storage (GSES) applications. However, their practical applications have been greatly impeded due to the gap between the breakthroughs achieved in research laboratories and the industrial applications. In addition, various complex applications call for different battery performances. Matching of diverse batteries to various applications is required to promote practical energy storage research achievement. This review provides in-depth discussion and comprehensive consideration in the battery research field for GSES. The overall requirements of battery technologies for practical applications with key parameters are systematically analyzed by generating standards and measures for GSES. We also discuss recent progress and existing challenges for some representative battery technologies with great promise for GSES, including metal-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, molten-salt batteries, alkaline batteries, redox-flow batteries, metal-air batteries, and hydrogen-gas batteries. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of bringing emerging battery technologies from academia to industry. Our perspectives on the future development of batteries for GSES applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Taoli Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Mohsin Ali
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yahan Meng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yang Jin
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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14
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Li K, Xu J, Zheng T, Yuan Y, Liu S, Shen C, Jiang T, Sun J, Liu Z, Xu Y, Chuai M, Xia C, Chen W. In Situ Dynamic Construction of a Copper Tin Sulfide Catalyst for High-Performance Electrochemical CO 2 Conversion to Formate. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chunyue Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Taoli Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jifei Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zaichun Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Mingyan Chuai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Xia
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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