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Todorov Y, Dhillon S, Mangeney J. THz quantum gap: exploring potential approaches for generating and detecting non-classical states of THz light. NANOPHOTONICS 2024; 13:1681-1691. [PMID: 38681681 PMCID: PMC11052537 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, THz technology has made considerable progress, evidenced by the performance of current THz sources and detectors, as well as the emergence of several THz applications. However, in the realm of quantum technologies, the THz spectral domain is still in its infancy, unlike neighboring spectral domains that have flourished in recent years. Notably, in the microwave domain, superconducting qubits currently serve as the core of quantum computers, while quantum cryptography protocols have been successfully demonstrated in the visible and telecommunications domains through satellite links. The THz domain has lagged behind in these impressive advancements. Today, the current gap in the THz domain clearly concerns quantum technologies. Nonetheless, the emergence of quantum technologies operating at THz frequencies will potentially have a significant impact. Indeed, THz radiation holds significant promise for wireless communications with ultimate security owing to its low sensitivity to atmospheric disturbances. Moreover, it has the potential to raise the operating temperature of solid-state qubits, effectively addressing existing scalability issues. In addition, THz radiation can manipulate the quantum states of molecules, which are recognized as new platforms for quantum computation and simulation with long range interactions. Finally, its ability to penetrate generally opaque materials or its resistance to Rayleigh scattering are very appealing features for quantum sensing. In this perspective, we will discuss potential approaches that offer exciting prospects for generating and detecting non-classical states of THz light, thereby opening doors to significant breakthroughs in THz quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanko Todorov
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sukhdeep Dhillon
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Mangeney
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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2
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Mornhinweg J, Diebel L, Halbhuber M, Riepl J, Cortese E, De Liberato S, Bougeard D, Huber R, Lange C. Sculpting ultrastrong light-matter coupling through spatial matter structuring. NANOPHOTONICS 2024; 13:1909-1915. [PMID: 38681678 PMCID: PMC11052535 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The central theme of cavity quantum electrodynamics is the coupling of a single optical mode with a single matter excitation, leading to a doublet of cavity polaritons which govern the optical properties of the coupled structure. Especially in the ultrastrong coupling regime, where the ratio of the vacuum Rabi frequency and the quasi-resonant carrier frequency of light, ΩR/ω c, approaches unity, the polariton doublet bridges a large spectral bandwidth 2ΩR, and further interactions with off-resonant light and matter modes may occur. The resulting multi-mode coupling has recently attracted attention owing to the additional degrees of freedom for designing light-matter coupled resonances, despite added complexity. Here, we experimentally implement a novel strategy to sculpt ultrastrong multi-mode coupling by tailoring the spatial overlap of multiple modes of planar metallic THz resonators and the cyclotron resonances of Landau-quantized two-dimensional electrons, on subwavelength scales. We show that similarly to the selection rules of classical optics, this allows us to suppress or enhance certain coupling pathways and to control the number of light-matter coupled modes, their octave-spanning frequency spectra, and their response to magnetic tuning. This offers novel pathways for controlling dissipation, tailoring quantum light sources, nonlinearities, correlations as well as entanglement in quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Mornhinweg
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Laura Diebel
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maike Halbhuber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040Regensburg, Germany
| | - Josef Riepl
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040Regensburg, Germany
| | - Erika Cortese
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- IFN – Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, I-20133Milan, Italy
| | - Dominique Bougeard
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rupert Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lange
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227Dortmund, Germany
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Mornhinweg J, Diebel LK, Halbhuber M, Prager M, Riepl J, Inzenhofer T, Bougeard D, Huber R, Lange C. Mode-multiplexing deep-strong light-matter coupling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1847. [PMID: 38418459 PMCID: PMC10901777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Dressing electronic quantum states with virtual photons creates exotic effects ranging from vacuum-field modified transport to polaritonic chemistry, and squeezing or entanglement of modes. The established paradigm of cavity quantum electrodynamics maximizes the light-matter coupling strengthΩ R / ω c , defined as the ratio of the vacuum Rabi frequency and the frequency of light, by resonant interactions. Yet, the finite oscillator strength of a single electronic excitation sets a natural limit toΩ R / ω c . Here, we enter a regime of record-strong light-matter interaction which exploits the cooperative dipole moments of multiple, highly non-resonant magnetoplasmon modes tailored by our metasurface. This creates an ultrabroadband spectrum of 20 polaritons spanning 6 optical octaves, calculated vacuum ground state populations exceeding 1 virtual excitation quantum, and coupling strengths equivalent toΩ R / ω c = 3.19 . The extreme interaction drives strongly subcycle energy exchange between multiple bosonic vacuum modes akin to high-order nonlinearities, and entangles previously orthogonal electronic excitations solely via vacuum fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Mornhinweg
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Maike Halbhuber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Prager
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Josef Riepl
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Inzenhofer
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Bougeard
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rupert Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Lange
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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4
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Kuroyama K, Kwoen J, Arakawa Y, Hirakawa K. Electrical Detection of Ultrastrong Coherent Interaction between Terahertz Fields and Electrons Using Quantum Point Contacts. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11402-11408. [PMID: 37910773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction in the ultrastrong coupling regime is attracting considerable attention owing to its applications to coherent control of material properties by a vacuum fluctuation field. However, electrical access to such an ultrastrongly coupled system is very challenging. In this work, we have fabricated a gate-defined quantum point contact (QPC) near the gap of a terahertz (THz) split-ring resonator (SRR) fabricated on a GaAs two-dimensional (2D) electron system. By illuminating the system with external THz radiation, the QPC shows a photocurrent spectrum which exhibits significant anticrossing that arises from coupling between the cyclotron resonance of the 2D electrons and the SRR. The observed photocurrent signal can be explained by energy-selective transmission/reflection of the quantum Hall edge channels at the QPC. Furthermore, at the same gate voltage and magnetic field conditions under which the anticrossing signal was observed, the QPC exhibits anomalous conductance modulation even in the dark environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kuroyama
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Jinkwan Kwoen
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Arakawa
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hirakawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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Aupiais I, Grasset R, Guo T, Daineka D, Briatico J, Houver S, Perfetti L, Hugonin JP, Greffet JJ, Laplace Y. Ultrasmall and tunable TeraHertz surface plasmon cavities at the ultimate plasmonic limit. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7645. [PMID: 37996404 PMCID: PMC10667513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to confine THz photons inside deep-subwavelength cavities promises a transformative impact for THz light engineering with metamaterials and for realizing ultrastrong light-matter coupling at the single emitter level. To that end, the most successful approach taken so far has relied on cavity architectures based on metals, for their ability to constrain the spread of electromagnetic fields and tailor geometrically their resonant behavior. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a comparatively high level of confinement by exploiting a plasmonic mechanism based on localized THz surface plasmon modes in bulk semiconductors. We achieve plasmonic confinement at around 1 THz into record breaking small footprint THz cavities exhibiting mode volumes as low as [Formula: see text], excellent coupling efficiencies and a large frequency tunability with temperature. Notably, we find that plasmonic-based THz cavities can operate until the emergence of electromagnetic nonlocality and Landau damping, which together constitute a fundamental limit to plasmonic confinement. This work discloses nonlocal plasmonic phenomena at unprecedentedly low frequencies and large spatial scales and opens the door to novel types of ultrastrong light-matter interaction experiments thanks to the plasmonic tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Aupiais
- LSI, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Romain Grasset
- LSI, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Tingwen Guo
- LSI, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Dmitri Daineka
- LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Javier Briatico
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sarah Houver
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Luca Perfetti
- LSI, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Paul Hugonin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Greffet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127, Palaiseau, France
| | - Yannis Laplace
- LSI, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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Nguyen DP, Arwas G, Lin Z, Yao W, Ciuti C. Electron-Photon Chern Number in Cavity-Embedded 2D Moiré Materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:176602. [PMID: 37955506 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.176602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We explore theoretically how the topological properties of 2D materials can be manipulated by cavity quantum electromagnetic fields for both resonant and off-resonant electron-photon coupling, with a focus on van der Waals moiré superlattices. We investigate an electron-photon topological Chern number for the cavity-dressed energy minibands that is well defined for any degree of hybridization and entanglement of the electron and photon states. While an off-resonant cavity mode can renormalize electronic topological phases that exist without cavity coupling, we show that when the cavity mode is resonant to electronic miniband transitions, new and higher electron-photon Chern numbers can emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danh-Phuong Nguyen
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Geva Arwas
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Zuzhang Lin
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong, China
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong, China
| | - Cristiano Ciuti
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, 75013 Paris, France
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Yahiaoui R, Chase ZA, Kyaw C, Tay F, Baydin A, Noe GT, Song J, Kono J, Agrawal A, Bamba M, Searles TA. Dicke-Cooperativity-Assisted Ultrastrong Coupling Enhancement in Terahertz Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9788-9794. [PMID: 36469734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A system of N two-level atoms cooperatively interacting with a photonic field can be described as a single giant atom coupled to the field with interaction strength ∝N. This enhancement, known as Dicke cooperativity in quantum optics, has recently become an indispensable element in quantum information technology. Here, we extend the coupling beyond the standard light-matter interaction paradigm, enhancing Dicke cooperativity in a terahertz metasurface with N meta-atoms. The cooperative enhancement is manifested through the hybridization of the localized surface plasmon resonance in individual meta-atoms and surface lattice resonance due to the periodic array. Furthermore, through engineering of the capacitive split-gap in the meta-atoms, we were able to enhance the coupling rate into the ultrastrong coupling regime by a factor of N. Our strategy can serve as a new platform for demonstrating effective control of fermionic systems by weak pumping, superradiant emission, and ultrasensitive sensing of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riad Yahiaoui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Zizwe A Chase
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Chan Kyaw
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Fuyang Tay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 70005, United States
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Andrey Baydin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 70005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - G Tim Noe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 70005, United States
| | - Junyeob Song
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 70005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Motoaki Bamba
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics I, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Thomas A Searles
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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8
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Escudero F, Ardenghi JS. Cavity-mediated drag in double-layer graphene. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:395602. [PMID: 35839734 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the frictional drag between two graphene layers placed inside a cavity. We show that the drag has two contributions: the well-known Coulomb drag, and a novel photon-mediated drag. The latter arises from a cavity-mediated interaction in which the backscattering is not suppressed and the screening is relatively weak. As a result, the photon-mediated drag resistivity in the Fermi-liquid regime acquires corrections to the usual quadratic temperature dependence, has a slow decay as the interlayer separationdincreases, and depends on the carrier densitynasρD∼1/n2. Thus, whereas for smalldandnthe Coulomb drag dominates, as these parameters increase the drag transitions to a purely photon-mediated drag. The onset of this transition depends on the electromagnetic field enhancement inside the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Escudero
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR, UNS-CONICET), Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - J S Ardenghi
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR, UNS-CONICET), Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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9
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Zhang C, Xue T, Zhang J, Li Z, Liu L, Xie J, Yao J, Wang G, Ye X, Zhu W. Terahertz meta-biosensor based on high-Q electrical resonance enhanced by the interference of toroidal dipole. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 214:114493. [PMID: 35780535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Electrical dipole resonances typically have low Q factor and broad resonant linewidth caused by strong free-space coupling with high radiative loss. Here, we present a strategy for enhancing the Q factor of the electrical resonance via the interference of a toroidal dipole. To validate such a strategy, a metasurface consisting of two resonators is designed that responsible to the electric and toroidal dipoles. According to constructive and destructive hybridizations of the two dipole modes, enhanced and decreased Q factors are found respectively for the two hybrid modes, compared to the one for the conventional electric dipole resonance. As a practical application of such high Q resonance, we further experimentally investigate the sensing performance of the metasurface biosensor by detecting the cell concentration of lung cancer cells (type A549). Moreover, through monitoring both resonance frequency and amplitude variation of the metasurface biosensor, the dielectric permittivity of the lung cancer cells is delicately estimated by the conjoint analysis of both simulated and measured results. Our proposed metasurface paves a promising way for the study of multipole interference in the field of nanophotonics and validates its effectiveness in biomedical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiben Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingjia Xue
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhenfei Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Longhai Liu
- Advantest (China) Co., Ltd. Shanghai, 201203, China; College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- Advantest (China) Co., Ltd. Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Guangming Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaodan Ye
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Department of Radiology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Weiren Zhu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Abstract
Free-space coupling to subwavelength individual optical elements is a central theme in quantum optics, as it allows the control over individual quantum systems. Here we show that, by combining an asymmetric immersion lens setup and a complementary resonating metasurface we are able to perform terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of an individual, strongly subwavelength meta-atom. We unravel the linewidth dependence as a function of the meta-atom number indicating quenching of the superradiant coupling. On these grounds, we investigate ultrastrongly coupled Landau polaritons at the single resonator level, measuring a normalized coupling ratio \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{{\Omega }}}{\omega }=0.6$$\end{document}Ωω=0.6. Similar measurements on a lower density two dimensional electron gas yield a coupling ratio \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{{\Omega }}}{\omega }=0.33$$\end{document}Ωω=0.33 with a cooperativity C = 94. Our findings pave the way towards the control of ultrastrong light-matter interaction at the single electron/ resonator level. The proposed technique is way more general and can be useful to characterize the complex conductivity of micron-sized samples in the terahertz domain. By combining an asymmetric immersion lens setup and a complementary resonating metasurface, the authors are able to resolve the far-field transmission of an ultrastrongly coupled, highly subwavelength split-ring single resonator at millimeter wavelengths.
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Zhou S, Guo X, Chen K, Cole MT, Wang X, Li Z, Dai J, Li C, Dai Q. Optical-Field-Driven Electron Tunneling in Metal-Insulator-Metal Nanojunction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101572. [PMID: 34708551 PMCID: PMC8693043 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical-field driven electron tunneling in nanojunctions has made demonstrable progress toward the development of ultrafast charge transport devices at subfemtosecond time scales, and have evidenced great potential as a springboard technology for the next generation of on-chip "lightwave electronics." Here, the empirical findings on photocurrent the high nonlinearity in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nanojunctions driven by ultrafast optical pulses in the strong optical-field regime are reported. In the present MIM device, a 14th power-law scaling is identified, never achieved before in any known solid-state device. This work lays important technological foundations for the development of a new generation of ultracompact and ultrafast electronics devices that operate with suboptical-cycle response times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and DevicesCAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and DevicesCAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and DevicesCAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Matthew Thomas Cole
- Department of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of BathBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of PhysicsNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and DevicesCAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for NanotechnologyGuangzhou510700P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Dai
- Department of PhysicsNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Chi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and DevicesCAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and DevicesCAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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Jeannin M, Manceau JM, Colombelli R. Unified Description of Saturation and Bistability of Intersubband Transitions in the Weak and Strong Light-Matter Coupling Regimes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:187401. [PMID: 34767424 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.187401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose a unified description of intersubband absorption saturation for quantum wells inserted in a resonator, both in the weak and strong light-matter coupling regimes. We demonstrate how absorption saturation can be engineered. In particular, we show that the saturation intensity increases linearly with the doping in the strong coupling regime, while it remains doping independent in weak coupling. Hence, countering intuition, the most suitable region to exploit low saturation intensities is not the ultrastrong coupling regime, but is instead at the onset of the strong light-matter coupling. We further derive explicit conditions for the emergence of bistability. This Letter sets the path toward, as yet, nonexistent ultrafast midinfrared semiconductor saturable absorption mirrors (SESAMs) and bistable systems. As an example, we show how to design a midinfrared SESAM with a 3 orders of magnitude reduction in saturation intensity, down to ≈5 kW cm^{-2}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Jeannin
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Michel Manceau
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Raffaele Colombelli
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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13
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Escudero F, Ardenghi JS. Fermi velocity reduction in graphene due to enhanced vacuum fluctuations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:485502. [PMID: 34500446 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the confinement of matter inside a microcavity can significantly enhance the light-matter interactions. As a result the vacuum fluctuations, induced by virtual photons, can occur in a volume much lower than the free-space diffraction limit. In this work we show that, for a single doped graphene plane inside a microcavity, these enhanced vacuum interactions can produce a significant reduction in the Fermi velocity of the electrons. The effect arises because the energies of the photons are much larger than the energies of the electrons in graphene, which implies that the vacuum exchange interaction is repulsive around the Fermi level. Consequently the quasiparticle Fermi velocity decreases, in contrast with the enhancement obtained in Hartree-Fock. For THz cavities, the reduction is highly localized around the Fermi level, and is practically independent of the carrier density in graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Escudero
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR, UNS-CONICET), Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - J S Ardenghi
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR, UNS-CONICET), Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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14
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Zhou S, Chen K, Cole MT, Li Z, Li M, Chen J, Lienau C, Li C, Dai Q. Ultrafast Electron Tunneling Devices-From Electric-Field Driven to Optical-Field Driven. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101449. [PMID: 34240495 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The search for ever higher frequency information processing has become an area of intense research activity within the micro, nano, and optoelectronics communities. Compared to conventional semiconductor-based diffusive transport electron devices, electron tunneling devices provide significantly faster response times due to near-instantaneous tunneling that occurs at sub-femtosecond timescales. As a result, the enhanced performance of electron tunneling devices is demonstrated, time and again, to reimagine a wide variety of traditional electronic devices with a variety of new "lightwave electronics" emerging, each capable of reducing the electron transport channel transit time down to attosecond timescales. In response to unprecedented rapid progress within this field, here the current state-of-the-art in electron tunneling devices is reviewed, current challenges and opportunities are highlighted, and possible future research directions are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Matthew Thomas Cole
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Zhenjun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mo Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut für Physik, Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Chi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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15
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Mornhinweg J, Halbhuber M, Ciuti C, Bougeard D, Huber R, Lange C. Tailored Subcycle Nonlinearities of Ultrastrong Light-Matter Coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:177404. [PMID: 33988443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.177404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We explore the nonlinear response of tailor-cut light-matter hybrid states in a novel regime, where both the Rabi frequency induced by a coherent driving field and the vacuum Rabi frequency set by a cavity field are comparable to the carrier frequency of light. In this previously unexplored strong-field limit of ultrastrong coupling, subcycle pump-probe and multiwave mixing nonlinearities between different polariton states violate the normal-mode approximation while ultrastrong coupling remains intact, as confirmed by our mean-field model. We expect such custom-cut nonlinearities of hybridized elementary excitations to facilitate nonclassical light sources, quantum phase transitions, or cavity chemistry with virtual photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mornhinweg
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Halbhuber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Ciuti
- Université de Paris, laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - D Bougeard
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - R Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Lange
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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16
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Halbhuber M, Mornhinweg J, Zeller V, Ciuti C, Bougeard D, Huber R, Lange C. Non-adiabatic stripping of a cavity field from deep-strongly coupled electrons. NATURE PHOTONICS 2020; 14:675-679. [PMID: 34221109 PMCID: PMC7611102 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-020-0673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Atomically strong light pulses can drive sub-optical-cycle dynamics. When the Rabi frequency - the rate of energy exchange between light and matter - exceeds the optical carrier frequency, fascinating non-perturbative strong-field phenomena emerge, such as high-harmonic generation and lightwave transport. Here, we explore a related novel subcycle regime of ultimately strong light-matter interaction without a coherent driving field. We use the vacuum fluctuations of nanoantennas to drive cyclotron resonances of two-dimensional electron gases to vacuum Rabi frequencies exceeding the carrier frequency. Femtosecond photoactivation of a switch element inside the cavity disrupts this 'deep-strong coupling' more than an order of magnitude faster than the oscillation cycle of light. The abrupt modification of the vacuum ground state causes spectrally broadband polarisation oscillations confirmed by our quantum model. In the future, this subcycle shaping of hybrid quantum states may trigger cavity-induced quantum chemistry, vacuum-modified transport, or cavity-controlled superconductivity, opening new scenarios for non-adiabatic quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Halbhuber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Mornhinweg
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - V Zeller
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Ciuti
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - D Bougeard
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - R Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Lange
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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17
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Gao H, Schlawin F, Buzzi M, Cavalleri A, Jaksch D. Photoinduced Electron Pairing in a Driven Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:053602. [PMID: 32794849 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.053602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how virtual scattering of laser photons inside a cavity via two-photon processes can induce controllable long-range electron interactions in two-dimensional materials. We show that laser light that is red (blue) detuned from the cavity yields attractive (repulsive) interactions whose strength is proportional to the laser intensity. Furthermore, we find that the interactions are not screened effectively except at very low frequencies. For realistic cavity parameters, laser-induced heating of the electrons by inelastic photon scattering is suppressed and coherent electron interactions dominate. When the interactions are attractive, they cause an instability in the Cooper channel at a temperature proportional to the square root of the driving intensity. Our results provide a novel route for engineering electron interactions in a wide range of two-dimensional materials including AB-stacked bilayer graphene and the conducting interface between LaAlO_{3} and SrTiO_{3}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Gao
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Schlawin
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Buzzi
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Cavalleri
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Jaksch
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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18
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Jeannin M, Bonazzi T, Gacemi D, Vasanelli A, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield E, Sirtori C, Todorov Y. Absorption Engineering in an Ultrasubwavelength Quantum System. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4430-4436. [PMID: 32407632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many photonic and plasmonic structures have been proposed to achieve ultrasubwavelength light confinement across the electromagnetic spectrum. Notwithstanding this effort, however, the efficient funneling of external radiation into nanoscale volumes remains problematic. Here, we demonstrate a photonic concept that fulfills the seemingly incompatible requirements for both strong electromagnetic confinement and impedance matching to free space. Our architecture consists of antenna-coupled meta-atom resonators that funnel up to 90% of the incident radiation into an ultrasubwavelength semiconductor quantum well absorber of volume V = λ310-6. A significant fraction of the coupled electromagnetic energy is used to excite the electronic transitions in the quantum well, with a photon absorption efficiency 550 times larger than the intrinsic value of the electronic dipole. This system opens important perspectives for ultralow dark current quantum detectors and for the study of light-matter interaction in the extreme regimes of electronic and photonic confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Jeannin
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bonazzi
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Djamal Gacemi
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Angela Vasanelli
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Giles Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Sirtori
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yanko Todorov
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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19
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Wang CF, Habteyes TG, Luk TS, Klem JF, Brener I, Chen HT, Mitrofanov O. Observation of Intersubband Polaritons in a Single Nanoantenna Using Nano-FTIR Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:4620-4626. [PMID: 31181166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling of an intersubband (ISB) electron transition in quantum wells to a subwavelength plasmonic nanoantenna can give rise to intriguing quantum phenomena, such as ISB polariton condensation, and enable practical devices including low threshold lasers. However, experimental observation of ISB polaritons in an isolated subwavelength system has not yet been reported. Here, we use scanning probe near-field microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to detect formation of ISB polariton states in a single nanoantenna. We excite the nanoantenna by a broadband IR pulse and spectrally analyze evanescent fields on the nanoantenna surface. We observe the distinctive splitting of the nanoantenna resonance peak into two polariton modes and two π-phase steps corresponding to each of the modes. We map ISB polariton dispersion using a set of nanoantennae of different sizes. This nano-FTIR spectroscopy approach opens doors for investigations of ISB polariton physics in the single subwavelength nanoantenna regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Wang
- Center for High Technology Materials , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87106 , United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Terefe G Habteyes
- Center for High Technology Materials , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87106 , United States
| | - Ting Shan Luk
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies , Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87123 , United States
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87185 , United States
| | - John F Klem
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87185 , United States
| | - Igal Brener
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies , Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87123 , United States
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87185 , United States
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Oleg Mitrofanov
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies , Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87123 , United States
- Electronic and Electrical Engineering , University College London , London WC1E 7JE , United Kingdom
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20
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Electric field correlation measurements on the electromagnetic vacuum state. Nature 2019; 568:202-206. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Schlawin F, Cavalleri A, Jaksch D. Cavity-Mediated Electron-Photon Superconductivity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:133602. [PMID: 31012600 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate electron paring in a two-dimensional electron system mediated by vacuum fluctuations inside a nanoplasmonic terahertz cavity. We show that the structured cavity vacuum can induce long-range attractive interactions between current fluctuations which lead to pairing in generic materials with critical temperatures in the low-kelvin regime for realistic parameters. The induced state is a pair-density wave superconductor which can show a transition from a fully gapped to a partially gapped phase-akin to the pseudogap phase in high-T_{c} superconductors. Our findings provide a promising tool for engineering intrinsic electron interactions in two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schlawin
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Cavalleri
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Jaksch
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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