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Liu S, Xiao H, Chen Y, Chen P, Yan W, Lin Q, Liu B, Xu X, Wang Y, Weng X, Liu L, Qu J. Nano-Optomechanical Resonators Based on Suspended Graphene for Thermal Stress Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9068. [PMID: 36501770 PMCID: PMC9739392 DOI: 10.3390/s22239068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators made from suspended graphene combine the properties of ultracompactness and ultrahigh detection sensitivity, making them interesting devices for sensing applications. However, nanomechanical systems can be affected by membrane stress. The present work developed an optomechanical resonator for thermal stress sensing. The proposed resonator consists of a section of hollow core fiber (HCF) and a trampoline graphene-Au membrane. An all-optical system that integrated optical excitation and optical detection was applied. Then, the resonance frequency of the resonator was obtained through this all-optical system. In addition, this system and the resonator were used to detect the membrane's built-in stress, which depended on the ambient temperature, by monitoring the resonance frequency shift. The results verified that the temperature-induced thermal effect had a significant impact on membrane stress. Temperature sensitivities of 2.2646 kHz/°C and 2.3212 kHz/°C were obtained when the temperature rose and fell, respectively. As such, we believe that this device will be beneficial for the quality monitoring of graphene mechanical resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenqi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xizhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoyu Weng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
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2
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Yoctonewton force detection based on optically levitated oscillator. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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3
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Chen Y, Liu S, Hong G, Zou M, Liu B, Luo J, Wang Y. Nano-optomechanical Resonators for Sensitive Pressure Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39211-39219. [PMID: 35994410 PMCID: PMC9438774 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical sensors made from suspended graphene are sensitive to pressure changes. However, these devices typically function by obtaining an electrical signal based on the static displacement of a suspended graphene membrane and so, in practice, have limited sensitivity and operational range. The present work demonstrates an optomechanical Au/graphene membrane-based gas pressure sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity. This sensor comprises a suspended Au/graphene membrane appended to a section of hollow-core fiber to form a sealed Fabry-Pérot cavity. In contrast to conventional nanomechanical pressure sensors, pressure changes are monitored via resonant sensing with an optical readout. A miniature pressure sensor based on this principle was able to detect an ultrasmall pressure difference of 1 × 10-7 mbar in the ultrahigh-vacuum region with a pressure range of 4.1 × 10-5 to 8.3 × 10-6 mbar. Furthermore, this pressure sensor can work over an extended pressure range of 7 × 10-6 mbar to 1000 mbar at room temperature, outperforming commercial pressure sensors. Similar results were obtained using both the fundamental and higher-order resonant frequencies but with the latter providing improved sensitivity. This sensor has a wide range of potential applications, including indoor navigation, altitude monitoring, and motion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Chen
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Shen Liu
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Guiqing Hong
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Mengqiang Zou
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Bonan Liu
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Junxian Luo
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
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4
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Ricci F, Cuairan MT, Schell AW, Hebestreit E, Rica RA, Meyer N, Quidant R. A Chemical Nanoreactor Based on a Levitated Nanoparticle in Vacuum. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8677-8683. [PMID: 35580358 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A single levitated nanoparticle is used as a nanoreactor for studying surface chemistry at the nanoscale. Optical levitation under controlled pressure, surrounding gas composition, and humidity provides extreme control over the nanoparticle, including dynamics, charge, and surface chemistry. Using a single nanoparticle avoids ensemble averages and allows studying how the presence of silanol groups at its surface affects the adsorption and desorption of water from the background gas with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of this versatile platform by studying the Zhuravlev model in silica particles. In contrast to standard methods, our system allowed the observation of an abrupt and irreversible change in scattering cross section, mass, and mechanical eigenfrequency during the dehydroxylation process, indicating changes in density, refractive index, and volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ricci
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Marc T Cuairan
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas W Schell
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Raúl A Rica
- Nanoparticles Trapping Laboratory and Research Unit Modeling Nature (MNat), Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Nadine Meyer
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Romain Quidant
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Wang X, Zhu Q, Hu M, Li W, Chen X, Li N, Zhu X, Hu H. Analysis and Suppression of Laser Intensity Fluctuation in a Dual-Beam Optical Levitation System. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:984. [PMID: 35888800 PMCID: PMC9320985 DOI: 10.3390/mi13070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Levitated micro-resonators in vacuums have attracted widespread attention due to their application potential in precision force sensing, acceleration sensing, mass measurement and gravitational wave sensing. The optically levitated microsphere in a counter-propagating dual-beam optical trap has been of particular interest because of its large measurement range and flexible manipulation. In this system, laser intensity fluctuation directly influences the trap stability and measurement sensitivity, which makes it a crucial factor in improving trapping performance. In this paper, a time-varying optical force (TVOF) model is established to characterize the influence of laser intensity fluctuation in a dual-beam optical trap. The model describes the relationship between the laser intensity fluctuation, optical force and the dynamic motion of the micro-sized sphere. In addition, an external laser intensity control method is proposed, which achieved a 16.9 dB laser power stability control at the relaxation oscillation frequency. The long-term laser intensity fluctuation was suppressed from 3% to 0.4% in a one-hour period. Experiments showed that the particle's position detection sensitivity and the stability of the relaxation oscillation could be improved by laser intensity fluctuation suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (X.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Qi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (X.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Mengzhu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (X.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Wenqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (X.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Xingfan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (X.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (X.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Xunmin Zhu
- Quantum Sensing Center, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Huizhu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (X.C.); (N.L.)
- Quantum Sensing Center, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 310000, China
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6
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Cuairan MT, Gieseler J, Meyer N, Quidant R. Precision Calibration of the Duffing Oscillator with Phase Control. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:213601. [PMID: 35687459 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Duffing oscillator is a nonlinear extension of the ubiquitous harmonic oscillator and as such plays an outstanding role in science and technology. Experimentally, the system parameters are determined by a measurement of its response to an external excitation. When changing the amplitude or frequency of the external excitation, a sudden jump in the response function reveals the nonlinear dynamics prominently. However, this bistability leaves part of the full response function unobserved, which limits the precise measurement of the system parameters. Here, we exploit the often unknown fact that the response of a Duffing oscillator with nonlinear damping is a unique function of its phase. By actively stabilizing the oscillator's phase we map out the full response function. This phase control allows us to precisely determine the system parameters. Our results are particularly important for characterizing nanoscale resonators, where nonlinear effects are observed readily and which hold great promise for next generation of ultrasensitive force and mass measurements. We demonstrate our approach experimentally with an optically levitated particle in high vacuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T Cuairan
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, 8083 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Gieseler
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nadine Meyer
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, 8083 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Romain Quidant
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, 8083 Zurich, Switzerland
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Aspelmeyer M, Novotny L, Quidant R, Romero-Isart O. Levitodynamics: Levitation and control of microscopic objects in vacuum. Science 2021; 374:eabg3027. [PMID: 34618558 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Aspelmeyer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Quidant
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Romero-Isart
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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8
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Li CH, Jing J, Zhou LM, Fu ZH, Gao XW, Li N, Chen XF, Hu HZ. Fast size estimation of single-levitated nanoparticles in a vacuum optomechanical system. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4614-4617. [PMID: 34525061 DOI: 10.1364/ol.436041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical trapping of single nanoparticles in vacuum has various applications in both precise measurements and fundamental physics. However, to date, the number and size of randomly loaded nanoparticles in an optical trap is difficult to determine unless in vacuum. In this Letter, an efficient method for nanoparticle size estimation in an optical tweezer system before the evacuation of air was proposed and demonstrated experimentally, using scattering light from levitated particles. The particle radii deduced from the scattering light power in our proposal and from the kinetic theory of particles in gas match well (with the differences of less than 10%). For sample particles with radii ranging within 50-100 nm, we also provide a preselection rule based on this method, where over half of the trapped particles are verified as single particles. Such a particle analysis method is applicable also for the size estimation of levitated diamond particles, gold particles, and other plasmonic particles and can be applied to discovering novel scattering effects.
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9
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Shi JX, Lei XW, Natsuki T. Review on Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Nano-Mass and Nano-Force Sensors by Theoretical Analysis of Vibration Behavior. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051907. [PMID: 33803252 PMCID: PMC7967185 DOI: 10.3390/s21051907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene sheets (GSs), and carbyne, are an important new class of technological materials, and have been proposed as nano-mechanical sensors because of their extremely superior mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance. The present work reviews the recent studies of carbon nanomaterials-based nano-force and nano-mass sensors using mechanical analysis of vibration behavior. The mechanism of the two kinds of frequency-based nano sensors is firstly introduced with mathematical models and expressions. Afterward, the modeling perspective of carbon nanomaterials using continuum mechanical approaches as well as the determination of their material properties matching with their continuum models are concluded. Moreover, we summarize the representative works of CNTs/GSs/carbyne-based nano-mass and nano-force sensors and overview the technology for future challenges. It is hoped that the present review can provide an insight into the application of carbon nanomaterials-based nano-mechanical sensors. Showing remarkable results, carbon nanomaterials-based nano-mass and nano-force sensors perform with a much higher sensitivity than using other traditional materials as resonators, such as silicon and ZnO. Thus, more intensive investigations of carbon nanomaterials-based nano sensors are preferred and expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xing Shi
- Department of Production Systems Engineering and Sciences, Komatsu University, Nu 1-3 Shicyomachi, Komatsu, Ishikawa 923-8511, Japan;
| | - Xiao-Wen Lei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
| | - Toshiaki Natsuki
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda-shi 386-8567, Japan
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
- Correspondence:
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10
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Conangla GP, Rica RA, Quidant R. Extending Vacuum Trapping to Absorbing Objects with Hybrid Paul-Optical Traps. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6018-6023. [PMID: 32692184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The levitation of condensed matter in vacuum allows the study of its physical properties under extreme isolation from the environment. It also offers a venue to investigate quantum mechanics with large systems, at the transition between the quantum and classical worlds. In this work, we study a novel hybrid levitation platform that combines a Paul trap with a weak but highly focused laser beam, a configuration that integrates a deep potential with excellent confinement and motion detection. We combine simulations and experiments to demonstrate the potential of this approach to extend vacuum trapping and interrogation to a broader range of nanomaterials, such as absorbing particles. We study the stability and dynamics of different specimens, such as fluorescent dielectric crystals and gold nanorods, and demonstrate stable trapping down to pressures of 1 mbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard P Conangla
- ICFO Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl A Rica
- ICFO Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Universidad de Granada, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Romain Quidant
- ICFO Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Zheng Y, Zhou LM, Dong Y, Qiu CW, Chen XD, Guo GC, Sun FW. Robust Optical-Levitation-Based Metrology of Nanoparticle's Position and Mass. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:223603. [PMID: 32567927 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.223603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light has shown an incredible capability in precision measurement based on optomechanic interaction in high vacuum by isolating environment noises. However, there are still obstructions, such as displacement and mass estimation error, highly hampering the improvement of absolute accuracy at the nanoscale. Here, we present a nonlinearity based metrology to precisely measure the position and mass of a nanoparticle with optical levitation under 10^{-5} mbar. By precisely controlling the oscillation amplitude of the levitated nanoparticle at the nonlinear regime for high accuracy calibration, we realized a feasible sub-picometer-level position measurement with an uncertainty of 1.0% without the prior information of mass, which can be further applied to weigh the femtogram-level mass with an uncertainty of 2.2%. It will also pave the way to construct a fine-calibrated optomechanic platform in high vacuum for high sensitivity and accuracy measurement in force and acceleration at the nanoscale and the study in quantum superposition at the mesoscopic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- CAS Key Lab of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Ming Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Yang Dong
- CAS Key Lab of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiang-Dong Chen
- CAS Key Lab of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Lab of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Wen Sun
- CAS Key Lab of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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Ahn J, Xu Z, Bang J, Ju P, Gao X, Li T. Ultrasensitive torque detection with an optically levitated nanorotor. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:89-93. [PMID: 31932762 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Torque sensors such as the torsion balance enabled the first determination of the gravitational constant by Henri Cavendish1 and the discovery of Coulomb's law. Torque sensors are also widely used in studying small-scale magnetism2,3, the Casimir effect4 and other applications5. Great effort has been made to improve the torque detection sensitivity by nanofabrication and cryogenic cooling. Until now, the most sensitive torque sensor has achieved a remarkable sensitivity of 2.9 × 10-24 N m Hz-1/2 at millikelvin temperatures in a dilution refrigerator6. Here, we show a torque sensor reaching sensitivity of (4.2 ± 1.2) × 10-27 N m Hz-1/2 at room temperature. It is created by an optically levitated nanoparticle in vacuum. Our system does not require complex nanofabrication. Moreover, we drive a nanoparticle to rotate at a record high speed beyond 5 GHz (300 billion r.p.m.). Our calculations show that this system will be able to detect the long sought after vacuum friction7-10 near a surface under realistic conditions. The optically levitated nanorotor will also have applications in studying nanoscale magnetism2,3 and the quantum geometric phase11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Ahn
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhujing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jaehoon Bang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Peng Ju
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tongcang Li
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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