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Kang BJ, Rohwer EJ, Rohrbach D, Zyaee E, Akbarimoosavi M, Ollmann Z, Sorohhov G, Borgoo A, Cascella M, Cannizzo A, Decurtins S, Stanley RJ, Liu SX, Feurer T. Time-resolved THz Stark spectroscopy of molecules in solution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4212. [PMID: 38760343 PMCID: PMC11101612 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
For decades, it was considered all but impossible to perform Stark spectroscopy on molecules in a liquid solution, because their concomitant orientation to the applied electric field results in overwhelming background signals. A way out was to immobilize the solute molecules by freezing the solvent. While mitigating solute orientation, freezing removes the possibility to study molecules in liquid environments at ambient conditions. Here we demonstrate time-resolved THz Stark spectroscopy, utilizing intense single-cycle terahertz pulses as electric field source. At THz frequencies, solute molecules have no time to orient their dipole moments. Hence, dynamic Stark spectroscopy on the time scales of molecular vibrations or rotations in both non-polar and polar solvents at arbitrary temperatures is now possible. We verify THz Stark spectroscopy for two judiciously selected molecular systems and compare the results to conventional Stark spectroscopy and first principle calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Joo Kang
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Egmont J Rohwer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Rohrbach
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elnaz Zyaee
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Zoltan Ollmann
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gleb Sorohhov
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alex Borgoo
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michele Cascella
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Cannizzo
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert J Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Feurer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Diroll BT. Optical stark effect on CdSe nanoplatelets with mid-infrared excitation for large amplitude ultrafast modulation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:245706. [PMID: 36917849 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acc40c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The optical Stark effect is a universal response of the electronic structure to incident light. In semiconductors, particularly nanomaterials, the optical Stark effect achieved with sub-band gap photons can drive large, narrowband, and potentially ultrafast changes in the absorption or reflection at the band gap through excitation of virtual excitons. Rapid optical modulation using the optical Stark effect is ultimately constrained, however, by the generation of long-lived excitons through multiphoton absorption. This work compares the modulation achievable using the optical Stark effect on CdSe nanoplatelets with several different pump photon energies, from the visible to mid-infrared. Despite expected lower efficiencies for spectrally-remote pump energies, infrared pump pulses can ultimately drive larger sub-picosecond optical Stark shifts of virtual excitons without creation of real excitons. The CdSe nanoplatelets show subpicosecond shifts of the lowest excitonic resonance of up to 22 meV, resulting in change in absorption as large as 0.32 OD (49% increase in transmission), with a long-lived offset from real excitons less than 1% of the peak signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Diroll
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, United States of America
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Heindl MB, Kirkwood N, Lauster T, Lang JA, Retsch M, Mulvaney P, Herink G. Ultrafast imaging of terahertz electric waveforms using quantum dots. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:5. [PMID: 34974517 PMCID: PMC8720308 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic electric fields govern the majority of elementary excitations in condensed matter and drive electronics at frequencies approaching the Terahertz (THz) regime. However, only few imaging schemes are able to resolve sub-wavelength fields in the THz range, such as scanning-probe techniques, electro-optic sampling, and ultrafast electron microscopy. Still, intrinsic constraints on sample geometry, acquisition speed and field strength limit their applicability. Here, we harness the quantum-confined Stark-effect to encode ultrafast electric near-fields into colloidal quantum dot luminescence. Our approach, termed Quantum-probe Field Microscopy (QFIM), combines far-field imaging of visible photons with phase-resolved sampling of electric waveforms. By capturing ultrafast movies, we spatio-temporally resolve a Terahertz resonance inside a bowtie antenna and unveil the propagation of a Terahertz waveguide excitation deeply in the sub-wavelength regime. The demonstrated QFIM approach is compatible with strong-field excitation and sub-micrometer resolution-introducing a direct route towards ultrafast field imaging of complex nanodevices in-operando.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz B Heindl
- Experimental Physics VIII - Ultrafast Dynamics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nicholas Kirkwood
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tobias Lauster
- Physical Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julia A Lang
- Experimental Physics VIII - Ultrafast Dynamics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Markus Retsch
- Physical Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paul Mulvaney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Georg Herink
- Experimental Physics VIII - Ultrafast Dynamics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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Vidal-Codina F, Martín-Moreno L, Ciracì C, Yoo D, Nguyen NC, Oh SH, Peraire J. Terahertz and infrared nonlocality and field saturation in extreme-scale nanoslits. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:8701-8715. [PMID: 32225489 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With advances in nanofabrication techniques, extreme-scale nanophotonic devices with critical gap dimensions of just 1-2 nm have been realized. The plasmonic response in these extreme-scale gaps is significantly affected by nonlocal electrodynamics, quenching field enhancement and blue-shifting the resonance with respect to a purely local behavior. The extreme mismatch in lengthscales, ranging from millimeter-long wavelengths to atomic-scale charge distributions, poses a daunting computational challenge. In this paper, we perform computations of a single nanoslit using the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin method to solve Maxwell's equations augmented with the hydrodynamic model for the conduction-band electrons in noble metals. This method enables the efficient simulation of the slit while accounting for the nonlocal interactions between electrons and the incident light. We study the impact of gap width, film thickness and electron motion model on the plasmon resonances of the slit for two different frequency regimes: (1) terahertz frequencies, which lead to 1000-fold field amplitude enhancements that saturate as the gap shrinks; and (2) the near- and mid-infrared regime, where we show that narrow gaps and thick films cluster Fabry-Pérot (FP) resonances towards lower frequencies, derive a dispersion relation for the first FP resonance, in addition to observing that nonlocality boosts transmittance and reduces enhancement.
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