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Tangyen N, Natongchai W, D’Elia V. Catalytic Strategies for the Cycloaddition of CO 2 to Epoxides in Aqueous Media to Enhance the Activity and Recyclability of Molecular Organocatalysts. Molecules 2024; 29:2307. [PMID: 38792168 PMCID: PMC11124216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides to afford versatile and useful cyclic carbonate compounds is a highly investigated method for the nonreductive upcycling of CO2. One of the main focuses of the current research in this area is the discovery of readily available, sustainable, and inexpensive catalysts, and of catalytic methodologies that allow their seamless solvent-free recycling. Water, often regarded as an undesirable pollutant in the cycloaddition process, is progressively emerging as a helpful reaction component. On the one hand, it serves as an inexpensive hydrogen bond donor (HBD) to enhance the performance of ionic compounds; on the other hand, aqueous media allow the development of diverse catalytic protocols that can boost catalytic performance or ease the recycling of molecular catalysts. An overview of the advances in the use of aqueous and biphasic aqueous systems for the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides is provided in this work along with recommendations for possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valerio D’Elia
- VISTEC Advanced Laboratory for Environment-Related Inorganic and Organic Syntheses, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Wangchan, Thailand; (N.T.); (W.N.)
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2
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Hu YL, Liu XB, Yang LL. Novel and highly efficient transformation of carbon dioxide into 2-oxazolidinones over Al-MCM-41 mesoporous-supported ionic liquids. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:1855-1869. [PMID: 36476067 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2156816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A type of Al-MCM-41 supported dual imidazolium ionic liquids were constructed and efficiently used as catalysts for the synthesis of 2-oxazolidinones from epoxides, amines, and CO2. The influence of the different catalysts and reaction parameters on the catalytic behaviours was investigated. Al-MCM-41@ILTiCl5 was identified as the most excellent catalyst because it could efficiently promote the three-component cycloaddition of CO2, epoxide, and amines to form the corresponding 2-oxazolidinones in high to excellent yields (84∼96%) with excellent selectivities (98∼99.7%). In addition, the recovery and reuse performances of Al-MCM-41@ILTiCl5 were examined. The catalyst could be recovered by simple filtration and reused six times without a change in the catalytic activity. Green reaction conditions, operational simplicity, feasibility, and sustainability of the functionalized catalyst are the main highlights of the present protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Bing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun, People's Republic of China
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3
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Tsuda A, Ozawa N, Muranaka R, Kuwahara T, Matsune A, Liang F. Photo-on-Demand In Situ Phosgenation Reactions That Cross Three Phases of a Heterogeneous Solution of Chloroform and Aqueous NaOH. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27802-27810. [PMID: 37546672 PMCID: PMC10398853 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a novel photo-on-demand in situ phosgenation reaction that crosses three phases of a heterogeneous solution of chloroform (CHCl3) and aqueous NaOH containing an aryl alcohol or amine. This reaction system enables the safe, convenient, and inexpensive synthesis of carbonate esters, polycarbonates, and N-substituted ureas from aryl alcohols, aryl diols, and primary/secondary amines, respectively, on a practical scale and with good yield. The photochemical oxidation of CHCl3 to phosgene (COCl2) occurs upon irradiation with UV light from a low-pressure mercury lamp of both the gas and liquid phases of the reaction system under O2 bubbling of the vigorously stirred sample solution. The following reaction mechanisms are suggested: The aryl alcohol reacts in situ with the generated COCl2 at the interfaces of the organic/aqueous phases and aqueous/gas phases, in competition with the decomposition of COCl2 due to hydrolysis. Nucleophilicity and hydrophilicity are enhanced by the formation of aryl alkoxide ion through the reaction with NaOH, whereas the reaction of amine proceeds through neutralization of the generated HCl by the aqueous NaOH.
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Zhang M, Zhang C, Zhang P, Liang Z. Study of Preparation and Properties of Stereoregular Poly(cyclohexenylene carbonate). Molecules 2023; 28:5235. [PMID: 37446895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fixing carbon dioxide as a polymer material is an effective and environmentally beneficial approach for reducing the harm of CO2 greenhouse gas. In this paper, carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide were used as co-monomers, and a chiral binuclear cobalt complex with a biphenyl linker was employed as the catalyst to successfully prepare a poly(cyclohexenylene carbonate) with high stereoregularity. The influence of catalyst structure, CO2 pressure, and operating temperature on the copolymerization rate and polymer structure were systematically investigated. Optimal catalyst structure and operating conditions were determined, resulting in an excellent poly(cyclohexenylene carbonate) with a stereoregularity as high as 93.5%. Performance testing revealed that the polyester had a molecular weight of approximately 20 kg/mol, a glass transition temperature of 129.7 °C, an onset decomposition temperature of 290 °C, and a tensile strength of 42.8 MPa. These results demonstrate high thermal stability and mechanical strength, indicating the potential for expanding the applications of aliphatic polycarbonate materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Development and Comprehensive Utilization, Pingdingshan 467002, China
| | - Chengqian Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Pengyuan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhengyong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Development and Comprehensive Utilization, Pingdingshan 467002, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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5
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Zheng M, Chen M, Zhang L, Peng W, Zhang X, Chen W. Effects of alkali metal catalysts on the melt fluidity of polycarbonates with different degrees of polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingfu Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Mengdi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Lu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Wenjun Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Xian‐Ming Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
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6
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Chen M, Zheng M, Zhang L, Xu Y, Zhang X, Chen W. Correlation between structural evolution and rheological properties for polycarbonate in the molten state. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Mingfu Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Lu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
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7
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Jiang Z, Guo L, Wang H, Zheng R, Ran W, Han L, Li J. Preparation of Basic Lithium Imidazolium Salt and Their Application for Synthesis of Polycarbonate. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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8
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Hatsumura S, Hashimoto Y, Hosokawa S, Nagao A, Eda K, Harada H, Ishitsuka K, Okazoe T, Tsuda A. Reactivity and Product Selectivity of Fluoroalkyl Carbonates in Substitution Reactions with Primary Alcohols and Amines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11572-11582. [PMID: 35981240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports a systematic investigation of the substitution reactions of a series of symmetric and unsymmetric fluoroalkyl carbonates with primary alcohols or amines. The reactivity of the haloalkyl carbonate depends mainly on the electrophilicity and steric crowdedness of the carbonyl group and the leaving ability of the haloalkyl alcohols. Diethyl carbonate as a reference substrate showed no reaction with the alcohol or amine. However, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate [(F3-EtO)2CO] having electron-withdrawing trifluoroethyl groups enabled substitution reactions, with relatively higher reactivities to those for diphenyl carbonate [(PhO)2CO]. Furthermore, (F6-iPrO)2CO, bearing two sets of hexafluoroisopropyl groups, showed dramatic acceleration of the reactions, in which the observed reactivities were similar to those for bis(perfluorophenyl) carbonate [(F5-PhO)2CO]. The electrophilicity of the carbonyl group and the leaving ability of the alcohols in the series of haloalkyl carbonates were found to be correlated with the wavenumbers of their carbonyl groups in IR spectra and pKa for the eliminated alcohols, respectively. Since the eliminated fluoroalkyl alcohols exhibit weak affinity with the organic products and have lower boiling points owing to a characteristic property of the fluoroalkyl group, they could be readily removed from the product by simple evaporation below 100 °C with or without reduced pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuto Hatsumura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuka Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sasuga Hosokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nagao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuo Eda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Harada
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, AGC Inc, 1-1 Suehiro-cho Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kei Ishitsuka
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, AGC Inc, 1-1 Suehiro-cho Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Okazoe
- Materials Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc, 1-1 Suehiro-cho Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tsuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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9
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Chen SW, Yang JH, Huang YC, Chiu FC, Wu CH, Jeng RJ. A facile strategy to achieve polyurethane vitrimers from chemical recycling of poly(carbonate). CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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10
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Gilbert EA, Polo ML, Maffi JM, Guastavino JF, Vaillard SE, Estenoz DA. The organic chemistry behind the recycling of poly(bisphenol‐A carbonate) for the preparation of chemical precursors: A review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elangeni Ana Gilbert
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral ‐ CONICET) Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Mara Lis Polo
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral ‐ CONICET) Santa Fe Argentina
| | | | - Javier Fernando Guastavino
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral ‐ CONICET) Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Santiago Eduardo Vaillard
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral ‐ CONICET) Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Diana Alejandra Estenoz
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral ‐ CONICET) Santa Fe Argentina
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11
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Jiang Z, Wang H, Shan L, Zheng R, Zhao X, Liao Z, Guo L. Preparation of Temperature-Controlled Heteropolyacid Ionic Liquids and Their Application for Synthesis of Diphenyl Carbonate. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Sun W, Lu K, Wang L, Hao Q, Liu J, Wang Y, Wu Z, Chen H. Introducing SuFEx click chemistry into aliphatic polycarbonates: a novel toolbox/platform for post-modification as biomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5203-5210. [PMID: 35734968 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a biodegradable and biocompatible biomaterial, aliphatic polycarbonates (APCs) have attracted substantial attention in terms of post-polymerization modification (PPM) for functionalization. A strategy for the introduction of sulfur(VI)-fluoride exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry into APCs for PPM is proposed for the first time in this work. 4'-(Fluorosulfonyl)benzyl 5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxane-5-carboxylate (FMC) was designed as a SuFEx clickable cyclic carbonate for APCs via ring-opening polymerization (ROP), and an operational and nontoxic synthetic route was achieved. FMC managed to undergo both ROP and PPM through the SuFEx click chemistry organocatalytically without constraining or antagonizing each other, using 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4,4,0]dec-5-ene (TBD) as a co-organocatalyst here. Its ROP was systematically investigated, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to understand the acid-base catalytic mechanism in the anionic ROP. Exploratory investigations into PPM by SuFEx of poly(FMC) were conducted as biomaterials, and the one-pot strategies to achieve both ROP and SuFEx were confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Kunyan Lu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Ling Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Qing Hao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Jingrui Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Zhaoqiang Wu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
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13
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A Review of Polylactic Acid as a Replacement Material for Single-Use Laboratory Components. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15092989. [PMID: 35591324 PMCID: PMC9100125 DOI: 10.3390/ma15092989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Every year, the EU emits 13.4 Mt of CO2 solely from plastic production, with 99% of all plastics being produced from fossil fuel sources, while those that are produced from renewable sources use food products as feedstocks. In 2019, 29 Mt of plastic waste was collected in Europe. It is estimated that 32% was recycled, 43% was incinerated and 25% was sent to landfill. It has been estimated that life-sciences (biology, medicine, etc.) alone create plastic waste of approximately 5.5 Mt/yr, the majority being disposed of by incineration. The vast majority of this plastic waste is made from fossil fuel sources, though there is a growing interest in the possible use of bioplastics as a viable alternative for single-use lab consumables, such as petri dishes, pipette tips, etc. However, to-date only limited bioplastic replacement examples exist. In this review, common polymers used for labware are discussed, along with examining the possibility of replacing these materials with bioplastics, specifically polylactic acid (PLA). The material properties of PLA are described, along with possible functional improvements dure to additives. Finally, the standards and benchmarks needed for assessing bioplastics produced for labware components are reviewed.
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Wang ZY, He ZH, Li LY, Yang SY, He MX, Sun YC, Wang K, Chen JG, Liu ZT. Research progress of CO 2 oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene over Cr-free metal catalysts. RARE METALS 2022; 41:2129-2152. [PMID: 35291268 PMCID: PMC8913863 DOI: 10.1007/s12598-021-01959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CO2-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (CO2-ODHP) is an attractive strategy to offset the demand gap of propylene due to its potentiality of reducing CO2 emissions, especially under the demands of peaking CO2 emissions and carbon neutrality. The introduction of CO2 as a soft oxidant into the reaction not only averts the over-oxidation of products, but also maintains the high oxidation state of the redox-active sites. Furthermore, the presence of CO2 increases the conversion of propane by coupling the dehydrogenation of propane (DHP) with the reverse water gas reaction (RWGS) and inhibits the coking formation to prolong the lifetime of catalysts via the reverse Boudouard reaction. An effective catalyst should selectively activate the C-H bond but suppress the C-C cleavage. However, to prepare such a catalyst remains challenging. Chromium-based catalysts are always applied in industrial application of DHP; however, their toxic properties are harmful to the environment. In this aspect, exploring environment-friendly and sustainable catalytic systems with Cr-free is an important issue. In this review, we outline the development of the CO2-ODHP especially in the last ten years, including the structural information, catalytic performances, and mechanisms of chromium-free metal-based catalyst systems, and the role of CO2 in the reaction. We also present perspectives for future progress in the CO2-ODHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yu Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021 China
| | - Zhen-Hong He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021 China
| | - Long-Yao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Shao-Yan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Meng-Xin He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021 China
| | - Yong-Chang Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021 China
| | - Kuan Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021 China
| | - Jian-Gang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Zhao-Tie Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
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15
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Chen M, Bao J, Zheng M, Zhang X, Chen W. Reaction kinetics of melt post‐polycondensation process for polycarbonate in film state. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Jianna Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Mingfu Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
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16
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Hossain MK, Drmosh QA. Polymer-Templated Durable and Hydrophobic Nanostructures for Hydrogen Gas Sensing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244470. [PMID: 34961021 PMCID: PMC8709065 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and hands-on one-step process has been implemented to fabricate polymer-templated hydrophobic nanostructures as hydrogen gas sensing platforms. Topographic measurements have confirmed irregular hills and dips of various dimensions that are responsible for creating air bubble pockets that satisfy the Cassie–Baxter state of hydrophobicity. High-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) has revealed double-layer structures consisting of fine microscopic flower-like structures of nanoscale petals on the top of base nanostructures. Wetting contact angle (WCA) measurements further revealed the contact angle to be ~142.0° ± 10.0°. Such hydrophobic nanostructures were expected to provide a platform for gas-sensing materials of a higher surface area. From this direction, a very thin layer of palladium, ca. 100 nm of thickness, was sputtered. Thereafter, further topographic and WCA measurements were carried out. FESEM micrographs revealed that microscopic flower-like structures of nanoscale petals remained intact. A sessile drop test reconfirmed a WCA of as high as ~130.0° ± 10.0°. Due to the inherent features of hydrophobic nanostructures, a wider surface area was expected that can be useful for higher target gas adsorption sites. In this context, a customized sensing facility was set up, and H2 gas sensing performance was carried out. The surface nanostructures were found to be very stable and durable over the course of a year and beyond. A polymer-based hydrophobic gas-sensing platform as investigated in this study will play a dual role in hydrophobicity as well as superior gas-sensing characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kamal Hossain
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems (IRC-REPS), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-138601058; Fax: +966-138607312
| | - Qasem Ahmed Drmosh
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
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Mujmule RB, Jadhav HS, Kim H. Synergetic effect of ZnCo 2O 4/inorganic salt as a sustainable catalyst system for CO 2 utilization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113433. [PMID: 34352483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, it is essential to consider the rapidly increasing emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, causing major environmental issues such as climate change and global warming. In this work, we have developed the binary catalyst system (ZnCo2O4/inorganic salt) for chemical fixation of CO2 with epoxides into cyclic carbonates without solvent, and all reactions were performed on a large scale using a 100 ml batch reactor. Two mesoporous catalysts of ZnCo2O4 with different architecture, such as flakes (ZnCo-F) and spheres (ZnCo-S) were synthesized and utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst for cycloaddition reaction. The bifunctional property of catalysts is mainly attributed to strong acidic and basic properties confirmed by TPD (NH3 & CO2) analysis. The ZnCo-F catalyst exhibited excellent conversion of propylene oxide (99.9%) with good corresponding selectivity of propylene carbonate (≥99%) in the presence of inorganic salt (KI) at 120 °C, 2 MPa, 3 h. In addition, ZnCo-F catalyst demonstrated good catalytic applicability towards the various substrates scope of the epoxide. Furthermore, the catalytic properties were examined by evaluating the reaction parameter such as catalyst loading, pressure, temperature and time. The proposed catalyst exhibited good reusability for cycloaddition reaction without significant change in its catalytic activity and proposed a possible reaction mechanism for chemical fixation of CO2 with epoxide into cyclic carbonate over ZnCo-F/KI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra B Mujmule
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute, Department of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Harsharaj S Jadhav
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute, Department of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hern Kim
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute, Department of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Hashimoto Y, Hosokawa S, Liang F, Suzuki Y, Dai N, Tana G, Eda K, Kakiuchi T, Okazoe T, Harada H, Tsuda A. Photo-on-Demand Base-Catalyzed Phosgenation Reactions with Chloroform: Synthesis of Arylcarbonate and Halocarbonate Esters. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9811-9819. [PMID: 34182754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbonate esters are utilized as solvents and reagents for C1 building blocks in organic synthesis. This study reports a novel photo-on-demand in situ synthesis of carbonate esters with CHCl3 solutions containing a mixture of an aromatic or haloalkyl alcohol having relatively high acidity, and an organic base. We found that the acid-base interaction of the alcohol and base in the CHCl3 solution plays a key role in enabling the photochemical reaction. This reaction allows practical syntheses of diphenyl carbonate derivatives, haloalkyl carbonates, and polycarbonates, which are important chemicals and materials in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sasuga Hosokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Fengying Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuto Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Namin Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Gegen Tana
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuo Eda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kakiuchi
- Innovative Technology Laboratories, AGC Inc., Suehiro 1-1 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Okazoe
- Materials Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., Suehiro 1-1 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Harada
- Tokyo Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc., Nijyuku 6-1-1 Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8601, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tsuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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19
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Liguori F, Moreno-Marrodán C, Barbaro P. Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:589-621. [PMID: 33747233 PMCID: PMC7940818 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-catalysed depolymerisation of plastics to reusable building blocks, including monomers, oligomers or added-value chemicals, is an attractive tool for the recycling and valorisation of these materials. The present manuscript shortly reviews the most significant contributions that appeared in the field within the period January 2010–January 2020 describing selective depolymerisation methods of plastics. Achievements are broken down according to the plastic material, namely polyolefins, polyesters, polycarbonates and polyamides. The focus is on recent advancements targeting sustainable and environmentally friendly processes. Biocatalytic or unselective processes, acid–base treatments as well as the production of fuels are not discussed, nor are the methods for the further upgrade of the depolymerisation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Liguori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Carmen Moreno-Marrodán
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Barbaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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20
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Nozaki K. New Polymers Made from Carbon Dioxide and Alkenes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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21
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Kludský M, Dendisová M, Hrdlička Z, Jeništová A, Hovorka Š, Vopička O. Nafion modified with simple bases and amino acid derivatives: Survey of physical properties and search for effective pervaporation membranes. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Kludský
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Prague Czechia
| | - Marcela Dendisová
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Prague Czechia
| | - Zdeněk Hrdlička
- Department of Polymers University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Prague Czechia
| | - Adéla Jeništová
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Prague Czechia
| | - Štěpán Hovorka
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Prague Czechia
| | - Ondřej Vopička
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Prague Czechia
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22
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Bai ST, De Smet G, Liao Y, Sun R, Zhou C, Beller M, Maes BUW, Sels BF. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol under mild conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4259-4298. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01331e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the concepts, mechanisms, drawbacks and challenges of the state-of-the-art catalysis for CO2 to MeOH under mild conditions. Thoughtful guidelines and principles for future research are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Tao Bai
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Gilles De Smet
- Division of Organic Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Antwerp
- B-2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Ruiyan Sun
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | | | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Division of Organic Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Antwerp
- B-2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
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23
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Shen W, Ge Q, Gu K, Nie Y, Jiao L, Zhu Z, Fang Y. Stable Organic Titanium Catalysts and Reactive Distillation Used for the Transesterification of Dimethyl Carbonate with Phenol. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Shen
- East China University of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Qing Ge
- East China University of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Kaijie Gu
- East China University of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Yingying Nie
- Shaanxi Coal Chemical Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. Shaanxi Coal Chemical Building, 2, Jinye Road, Xi'an Hi-tech Development Zone 710070 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Linyu Jiao
- Northwest University School of Chemical Engineering No. 229 Taibai North Road 710069 Xi'an China
| | - Zhiqing Zhu
- East China University of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Yunjin Fang
- East China University of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering 200237 Shanghai China
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24
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Samuilov AY, Korshunov M, Samuilov YD. Methanolysis of Polycarbonate Waste as a Method of Regenerating Monomers for Polycarbonate Synthesis. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090420030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Sugiyama M, Akiyama M, Nishiyama K, Okazoe T, Nozaki K. Synthesis of Fluorinated Dialkyl Carbonates from Carbon Dioxide as a Carbonyl Source. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1775-1784. [PMID: 32064770 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated dialkyl carbonates (DACs), which serve as environmentally benign phosgene substitutes, were produced successfully from carbon dioxide either directly or indirectly. Nucleophilic addition of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol to carbon dioxide and subsequent reaction with 2,2,2-trifluoroethyltriflate (3 a) afforded bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (1) in up to 79 % yield. Additionally, carbonate 1 was obtained through the stoichiometric reaction of 3 a and cesium carbonate. Although bis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propyl) carbonate (4) was difficult to obtain by either of the above two methods, it could be synthesized through the transesterification of carbonate 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Midori Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Okazoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Materials Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., 1150 Hazawa-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, 221-8755, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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26
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Hur J, Moon I. Novel Ethylene Oxide Gas Recovery System via Hydrolysis in the Dimethyl Carbonate and Monoethylene Glycol Production Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongchan Hur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Moon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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27
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Kang X, Yao L, Jiao Z, Zhao B. Two Stable Heterometal‐MOFs as Highly Efficient and Recyclable Catalysts in the CO
2
Coupling Reaction with Aziridines. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3668-3674. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Min Kang
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Lin‐Hong Yao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhuo‐Hao Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Bin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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28
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Alberti C, Scheliga F, Enthaler S. Recycling of End-of-Life Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) via Alkali Metal Halide-Catalyzed Phenolysis. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:822-827. [PMID: 31304075 PMCID: PMC6604237 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical recycling of end-of-life plastic waste streams can contribute to a resource-conserving and sustainable society. This matter of recycling is composed of a sequence of depolymerization and subsequent polymerization reactions. In this regard, we have studied the chemical recycling of end-of-life poly(bisphenol A carbonate) applying phenol as depolymerization reagent. In the presence of catalytic amounts of alkali metal halides as products bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate were obtained in excellent turnover frequencies of up to 1392 h-1 and short reaction times. These depolymerization products offer the straightforward possibility to close the cycle by producing new poly(bisphenol A carbonate) and as second product phenol, which can be reused for further depolymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität HamburgMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Felix Scheliga
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare ChemieUniversität HamburgBundesstraße 45D-20146Hamburg (Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität HamburgMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
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