1
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Lee TC, Tong Y, Fu WC. Advances in Continuous Flow Fluorination Reactions. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300723. [PMID: 37707985 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluorination reactions are important in constructing organofluorine motifs, which contribute to favorable biological properties in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. However, fluorination reagents and reactions are associated with various problems, such as their hazardous nature, high exothermicity, and poor selectivity and scalability. Continuous flow has emerged as a transformative technology to provide many advantages relative to batch syntheses. This review article summarizes recent continuous flow techniques that address the limitations and challenges of fluorination reactions. Approaches based on different flow techniques are discussed, including gas-liquid reactions, packed-bed reactors, in-line purifications, streamlined multistep synthesis, large-scale reactions well as flow photoredox- and electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Chun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Tong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Chung Fu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Simon K, Znidar D, Boutet J, Guillamot G, Lenoir JY, Dallinger D, Kappe CO. Generation of 1,2-Difluorobenzene via a Photochemical Fluorodediazoniation Step in a Continuous Flow Mode. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Simon
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Desiree Znidar
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Julien Boutet
- Seqens SAS, 21 Chemin de la Sauvegarde, 21 Ecully Parc, Ecully 69130, France
| | - Gérard Guillamot
- Seqens SAS, 21 Chemin de la Sauvegarde, 21 Ecully Parc, Ecully 69130, France
| | - Jean-Yves Lenoir
- Seqens SAS, 21 Chemin de la Sauvegarde, 21 Ecully Parc, Ecully 69130, France
| | - Doris Dallinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz 8010, Austria
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3
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McMullen JP, Wyvratt BM. Automated optimization under dynamic flow conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00256f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The combination of feedback optimization with dynamic operations leads to enhanced data-rich experimentation in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M. Wyvratt
- Merck & Co., Inc., 26 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
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4
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Chen J, Xie X, Liu J, Yu Z, Su W. Revisiting aromatic diazotization and aryl diazonium salts in continuous flow: highlighted research during 2001–2021. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aryl diazonium salts play an important role in chemical transformations; however their explosive nature limits their applications in batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jiming Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqun Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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5
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Bonner A, Loftus A, Padgham AC, Baumann M. Forgotten and forbidden chemical reactions revitalised through continuous flow technology. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7737-7753. [PMID: 34549240 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has played an undeniable role in enabling modern chemical synthesis, whereby a myriad of reactions can now be performed with greater efficiency, safety and control. As flow chemistry furthermore delivers more sustainable and readily scalable routes to important target structures a growing number of industrial applications are being reported. In this review we highlight the impact of flow chemistry on revitalising important chemical reactions that were either forgotten soon after their initial report as necessary improvements were not realised due to a lack of available technology, or forbidden due to unacceptable safety concerns relating to the experimental procedure. In both cases flow processing in combination with further reaction optimisation has rendered a powerful set of tools that make such transformations not only highly efficient but moreover very desirable due to a more streamlined construction of desired scaffolds. This short review highlights important contributions from academic and industrial laboratories predominantly from the last 5 years allowing the reader to gain an appreciation of the impact of flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Bonner
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aisling Loftus
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Alex C Padgham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
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6
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Sengupta S, Das P. Application of diazonium chemistry in purine modifications: A focused review. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
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7
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Diab S, Raiyat M, Gerogiorgis DI. Flow synthesis kinetics for lomustine, an anti-cancer active pharmaceutical ingredient. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An original reaction mechanism and kinetic parameter estimation has been achieved for lomustine, an anti-cancer active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Diab
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
| | - Mateen Raiyat
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
| | - Dimitrios I. Gerogiorgis
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
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8
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Sun M, Li J, Liang C, Shan C, Shen X, Cheng R, Ma Y, Ye J. Practical and rapid construction of 2-pyridyl ketone library in continuous flow. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Hong CM, Xu Y, Chung JYL, Schultz DM, Weisel M, Varsolona RJ, Zhong YL, Purohit AK, He CQ, Gauthier DR, Humphrey GR, Maloney KM, Lévesque F, Wang Z, Whittaker AM, Sirota E, McMullen JP. Development of a Commercial Manufacturing Route to 2-Fluoroadenine, The Key Unnatural Nucleobase of Islatravir. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Hong
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yingju Xu
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John Y. L. Chung
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Danielle M. Schultz
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Weisel
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard J. Varsolona
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yong-Li Zhong
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Akasha K. Purohit
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cyndi Q. He
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Donald R. Gauthier
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Guy R. Humphrey
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhixun Wang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Aaron M. Whittaker
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric Sirota
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jonathan P. McMullen
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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10
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Baumann M, Moody TS, Smyth M, Wharry S. A Perspective on Continuous Flow Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- University College Dublin, School of Chemistry, Science Centre, South Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Thomas S. Moody
- Almac Group Ltd., 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
- Arran Chemical Company, Unit 1 Monksland Industrial Estate, Athlone, Co. Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland
| | - Megan Smyth
- Almac Group Ltd., 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Wharry
- Almac Group Ltd., 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
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