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Sawano T, Takamura K, Yoshikawa T, Murata K, Koga M, Yamada R, Saito T, Tabata K, Ishii Y, Kashihara W, Nishihara T, Tanabe K, Suzuki T, Takeuchi R. Synthesis of azafluoranthenes by iridium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition and evaluation of their fluorescence properties. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:323-331. [PMID: 36530147 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01921c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a method for the synthesis of azafluoranthenes under neutral reaction conditions in a highly atom-economical manner by the iridium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,8-dialkynylnaphthalenes with nitriles. A variety of nitriles react with methyl- or phenyl-substituted 1,8-dialkynylnaphthalenes to give a wide range of azafluoranthenes. Azafluoranthenes bearing an amino group show intense fluorescence at around 500 nm. Comparison of the fluorescence properties of amine-substituted azafluoranthenes with related compounds revealed the importance of the amine moiety for obtaining a high fluorescence quantum yield. The choice of the solvent affected the emission maxima and the fluorescence quantum yield. Azafluoranthenes bearing pyrrolidine exhibited blue-shifted emission bands in a non-polar solvent and gave a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.76 in toluene. A Lippert-Mataga plot and computational studies provide insight into the origin of the fluorescence of azafluoranthenes. Furthermore, cellular experiments using human breast adenocarcinoma cells SK-BR-3 demonstrated the feasibility of using azafluoranthenes as fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sawano
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Kaho Takamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Tomoka Yoshikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Kayo Murata
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Marina Koga
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Risa Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Takahide Saito
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Kazumasa Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Yugo Ishii
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Wataru Kashihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Kazuhito Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Ryo Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
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Harper JL, Felten S, Stolley RM, Hegg AS, Cheong PHY, Louie J. Origins of Regio- and Chemoselectivity in Iron-PDAI-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition Syntheses of 4,6-Disubstituted 2-Aminopyridines. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L. Harper
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Stephanie Felten
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan M. Stolley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Alexander S. Hegg
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Paul H.-Y. Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Janis Louie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Cho IY, Kim WG, Jeon JH, Lee JW, Seo JK, Seo J, Hong SY. Nickelocene as an Air- and Moisture-Tolerant Precatalyst in the Regioselective Synthesis of Multisubstituted Pyridines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9328-9343. [PMID: 34190562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ni(COD)2-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions to access pyridines have been extensively studied. However, this catalyst typically requires drying procedures and inert-atmosphere techniques for the reactions. Herein, we report operationally simple nickel(0) catalysis to access substituted pyridines from various nitriles and 1,6-diynes without the aid of air-free techniques. The Ni-Xantphos-based catalytic manifold is tolerant to air, moisture, and heat while promoting the [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with high reaction yields and broad substrate scope. In addition, we disclose that not only the steric effect but also the frontier molecular orbital interactions can play a critical role in determining the regiochemical outcome of nickel-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition for the synthesis of substituted pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Woo Gyum Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Jongcheol Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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Brakestad A, Wind P, Jensen SR, Frediani L, Hopmann KH. Multiwavelets applied to metal-ligand interactions: Energies free from basis set errors. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:214302. [PMID: 34240981 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed reactions invariably include steps where ligands associate or dissociate. In order to obtain reliable energies for such reactions, sufficiently large basis sets need to be employed. In this paper, we have used high-precision multiwavelet calculations to compute the metal-ligand association energies for 27 transition metal complexes with common ligands, such as H2, CO, olefins, and solvent molecules. By comparing our multiwavelet results to a variety of frequently used Gaussian-type basis sets, we show that counterpoise corrections, which are widely employed to correct for basis set superposition errors, often lead to underbinding. Additionally, counterpoise corrections are difficult to employ when the association step also involves a chemical transformation. Multiwavelets, which can be conveniently applied to all types of reactions, provide a promising alternative for computing electronic interaction energies free from any basis set errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Brakestad
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Peter Wind
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stig Rune Jensen
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Luca Frediani
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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